考研英语写作全攻略2下.docx

考研英语写作全攻略2下.docx

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考研英语写作全攻略2下

2006考研英语写作全攻略

（2）（下）

②举例法（Exemplification）

常用词语：

show,exemplify,illustrate,prove,indicate,exhibit,demonstrate,forexample,forinstance,take...asanexample,suchas,like,agoodcaseinpoint

常用句型：

Therearemanyexamplestoprove...HereIwillcitejustafew.

Thereisenough/convincing/sufficientevidencetoprove...

Take...asanexample.

Ananalysisoftheabove-mentionedcasesmaybeusefulinexplaining...

Beforeyougettheideathateconomicsisrelevantonlyforpoliticsorbusiness,weshouldmentionthateconomicsfocusesonallthechoicespeoplemakeandthepersonalandsocialconsequencesofthesechoices.Somechoicesinvolvemoney,butmanydonot.Evenseeminglynon-economicdecisionsfallwithintherealmofeconomics.Mostdecisionsinvolveattemptstobalancecostsagainstbenefits,whichmayormaynotbemeasurablewithmoney.Forexample,manycostsandbenefitsareprimarilypsychological.

③定义法（Definition）

常用词语：

mean,signify,referto,constitute,involve,dealwith,relateto,beconsideredtobe,beconcernedwith,bedefinedas

常用句型：

...maybedefinedas...

...means...

…isdescribedas…

Aparagraphmaybedefinedasadistinctpartofsectionofanypieceofwriting,whetherofoneormoresentences,thatdealswithaparticularpointofthesubject.Itistoasentencewhatasentenceistoaword.Thetermisalsoappliedtoashortcompositionconsistingofagroupofsentencesdealingwithasingletopicandcloselyrelatedtoeachother.

④分类法（Classification）

常用词语：

arrangeintwo/threecategories,beclassifiedintoanumberofgroups,fallintothefollowingkinds,beputintoseveralgroups

常用句型：

...consistsof...

...maybeclassifiedaccordingto/onthebasisof/dependingon

...maybedividedinto...

Therearetwowaysinwhichonecanownabook.Thefirstisthepropertyrightyouestablishbypayingforit,justasyoupayforclothesandfurniture.Butthisactofpurchaseisonlythepreludetopossession.Fullownershipcomesonlywhenyouhavemadeitapartofyourself,andthebestwaytomakeitapartofyourselfisbywritinginit.Anillustrationmaymakethepointclear.Youbuyabeefsteakandtransferitfromthebutcher’siceboxtoyourown.Butyoudonotownthebeefsteakuntilyouconsumeitandgetitintoyourstomach.Iamarguingthatbooks,too,mustbeabsorbedinyourstomachtodoyouanygood.

⑤比较对比法（ComparisonandContrast）

常用词语：

justas,incomparison,like,similarly,likewise,correspondingly,similarto,

incontrast,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,unlike,whereas,but,however,yet,while

常用句型：

Therearesomesimilarities/differencesbetween...

Wecancompare...with...

...hassomethingincommonwith...

Bycontrasting...and...

...haslittleincommonwith...

...aredifferentinmanyways...

AlfredNobel,theSwedishinventorandindustrialist,wasamanofmanysharpcontrasts.

（1）Hewasthesonofabankrupt,butbecameamillionaire;

（2）ascientistwithaloveofliterature,（3）anindustrialistwhomanagedtoremainanidealist.（4）Hemadeafortunebutlivedasimplelife,（5）andalthoughcheerfulincompanyhewasoftensadinprivate.（6）Aloverofmankind,heneverhadawifeorfamilytolovehim;（7）apatrioticsonofhisnativeland,hediedaloneonforeignsoil.（8）Heinventedanewexplosive,dynamite,toimprovethepeacetimeindustriesofminingandroadbuilding,butsawitusedasaweaponofwartokillandinjurehisfellowmen.

⑥因果法（CauseandEffect）

常用词语：

cause,resultin,leadto,produce,bringabout,contributeto,basedon,

because,since,nowthat,therefore,thus,consequently,owingto,dueto,

through,becauseof,onaccountof,asaresult,asaconsequence

常用句型：

Thereareseveralreasonsfor...

Thereasonswhy...canbetracedto...

Thecausesfor...areasfollows...

Therefore,wecandraw/arriveat/reach/makethefollowingconclusions...

Professorswillhelpstudentswhoneedit,butpreferthattheirstudentsnotbeoverlydependentonthem.IntheUnitedStates,professorshaveotherdutiesbesidesteaching.Oftentheyareresponsibleforadministrativeworkwithintheirdepartments.Inaddition,theymaybeobligedtopublisharticlesandbooks.Thereforethetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassislimited.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomwork,thestudentshouldeitherapproachaprofessorduringofficehoursormakeanappointment.

⑦发展过程法

Tobuildyourownsunscope,getacartonandcutaholeinoneside,bigenoughtopokeyourheadthrough.Pastewhitepaperontheinsidesurfacethatyouwillbefacing.Thenpunchapinholeintotheoppositesidehighenoughsothatthelittleshaftoflightwillmissyourhead.Forasharperimageyoucanmakeabetterpinholebycuttingaone-inchsquareholeinthecarton,tapingapieceofaluminumfoiloverthishole,andthenmakingthepin-holeinthefoil.Finally,tapetheboxshutandcoveralllightleakswithblacktape.

（2）中间段的常用核心句型

lAlthoughthepopularbeliefisthat…,acurrent（new/recent）study（survey/poll/investigation）indicates（shows/demonstrates）that….

lCommonsensetellsusthat….

lTheincrease（change/failure/success）in…mainly（largely/partly）resultsfrom（arisesfrom/isbecauseof）….

lTheincrease（change/failure/success）in…isdueto（owingto/attributableto）thefactthat….

lManypeoplewouldclaimthat….

lOnemayattribute（ascribe/owe）theincrease（decrease/change）to…,but…isnotbyitselfanadequateexplanation.

lOneofthereasonsgivenfor…isthat….

lWhatisalsoworthnoticingisthat….

lTherearemany（different/several/anumberof/avarietyof）causes（reasons）forthisdramatic（marked/significant）growth（change/decline/increase）in….First,….Second,….Finally,….

lThereisnoevidencetosuggestthat….

lWhyare（is/do/did）…?

Foronething,….Foranother,….

lAnotherreasonwhyIdisputetheabovestatementisthat….

lItgivesriseto（leadsto/brings/creates）ahostofproblems（consequences）.

lTherearenumerousreasonswhy…,andIshallhereexploreonlyafewofthemostimportantones.

lItwillexert（have/produce）profound（far-reaching/remarkable/considerable/beneficial/favorable/undesirable/disastrous）effect（influence）on….

lAmultitudeoffactorscouldaccountfor（contributeto/leadto/resultin/influence）thechange（increase/decrease/success/failure/development）in….

lIn2000,itincreased（rose/jumped/shotup）from5to10percentofthetotal（to15percent/by15percent）.

lBycomparisonwith2002,itdecreased（dropped/fell）from10to5percent（to15percent/by15percent）.

lItaccountsfor15percentofthetotal.

lTherewere100trafficaccidentsinApril,anincreaseof5percentinafive-monthperiod.

lBy2002,only（lessthan/morethan/almost/about/over/asmanyas）threequarters（40percentof/oneoutoffive/oneinfour）collegepopulation（graduates/housewives）asagainst（ascomparedwith）lastyear（2002）preferredto（liked）….

lWiththedevelopment（improvement/rise/growth/generalrecognition/acknowledgement/realization）of…,vastchangesawaitthiscountry’ssociety.

lNowpeopleingrowing（ever-increasing/significant）numbersarebeginning（coming/getting）tobelieve（realize/recognize/understand/accept/see/beaware）that….

lAccordingtoa（n）recent（new/official）study（survey/report/poll）,….

lHistory（Oursociety）isfilled（abounds）withtheexamplesof….

lThestory（case/instance/situation）isnotrare（isolated/unique）,itisoneofmanyexamples（typicalofdozens）.

lA（one）recent（new/general/nationwide）study（survey/poll/investigation）conducted（taken）atauniversityby（officials/scientists/experts）indicates（reveals/suggests/shows/proves/demonstrates）that….

lAccordingto（Ascanbeseenin/Asisshownin）thefigures（statistics/findings/data/graph/table）released（provided）bythegovernment（aninstitute）,itcanbelearned（seen/predicted）that….

lThereis（no）good（every/little/sufficient/considerable/strong）evidence（proof）to

lPersonalexperience（ExamplesIheard/readof）leadsmetoconcludethat….

lWemustadmittheundeniablefactthat….

lNoonecandeny（ignore/doubt/overlook/obscure/brushaside）thefactthat….

lExperience（Evidence）suggests（shows）that….

lTakeforexample…who（that）….

lThesameistrueof….

lAsthesayinggoes,“….”

3）结尾段

（1）写作方法

①总结归纳

InconclusionIwouldliketosaythatchangeisaproblemconfrontingmostofustoday.Thechangeswhichhavealreadytakenplaceineveryfieldofourlifeareirreversible.Continuationofthegrowthwhichhasalreadybegunisinevitable.Duringthisevolutiontherearegreatrewardstobewon—bythosewhoarewillingtotaketheopportunitiesbeingoffered.

②重申主题

Admittedly,sciencehascreatedatomicbombsandproducedpervasivepollution.Butithastransformedthelivesofmillionsofpeople.Ithasmultipliedman’senergy,hopes,ambitionsandunderstanding.Ithaselevatedandwillcontinuetoelevatemanintellectuallyandspiritually.

③预测展望

Itistimethatthegovernmentspokeoutagainstcorruptionandtookstrongactionstopunishwhoevertakesbribesorembezzlesfund.Forpresentofficialcorruption,ifpermittedtocontinue,willnotonlytarnishthegovernment’spopularity,butleadtoitsultimatedownfall.

④提出建议

Collegeathleticsplayssuchavitalrolethatitdeservescloseattentionandpersistenteffort.Itissuggestedthatphysicaltrainingshouldberegardedasarequiredcoursewedgedintocollegecurricula,howevercrowdeditmaybe,andtha