GMATARGUMENT课堂笔记总.docx
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GMATARGUMENT课堂笔记总
DevelopmentinArgument
典型中间段的结构（顺序如下）
1．写出原文中的一个推理/assumption/结论
2．驳斥该推理/assumption/结论
3．指出该推理/assumption/结论的各种可能的错误
4．得出相应结论
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1．写出原文中的一个推理/assumption/结论
2．驳斥该推理/assumption/结论
1）直驳式2）反问式3）因果式4）让步转折式
1）直驳式
2.“WhentheApogeeCompanyhadallitsoperationsinonelocation,itwasmoreprofitablethanitistoday.Therefore,theApogeeCompanyshouldclosedownitsfieldofficesandconductallitsoperationsfromasinglelocation.Suchcentralizationwouldimproveprofitabilitybycuttingcostsandhelpingthecompanymaintainbettersupervisionofallemployees.”
First,theauthorassumesthatcentralizationwouldimproveprofitabilitybycuttingcostsandstreamliningsupervisionofemployees.Thisassumptionisneversupportedwithanydataorprojections.
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14.Thefollowingappearedaspartofanewspapereditorial.
“TwoyearsagoNovaHighSchoolbegantouseinteractivecomputerinstructioninthreeacademicsubjects.Theschooldropoutratedeclinedimmediately,andlastyear’sgraduateshavereportedsomeimpressiveachievementsincollege.Infuturebudgetstheschoolboardshoulduseagreaterportionoftheavailablefundstobuymorecomputers,andallschoolsinthedistrictshouldadoptinteractivecomputerinstructionthroughoutthecurriculum.”
First,theargumentassumesthatthedeclineofschooldropoutandtheachievementsoflastyear’sgraduates’resultsfromtheadoptionofinteractivecomputerinstruction.However,thereareseveralreasonswhythismightnotbetrue.
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或写为
Tobeginwith,thisargumentisaclassicinstanceof“afterthis,thereforebecauseofthis”reasoning.Themerefactthattheintroductionofinteractivecomputerinstructionprecededtheimpressiveperformanceofrecentgraduatesandthedeclineinthedropoutrateisinsufficienttoconcludethatitwasthecauseoftheseevents.
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2）反问式
Second,theonlyreasonofferedbytheauthoristheclaimthatApogeewasmoreprofitablewhenithadoperatedfromasingle,centralizedlocation.Butiscentralizationtheonlydifferencerelevanttogreaterpastprofitability?
Itisentirelypossiblethat
3）因果式
1.Overtime,thecostsofprocessinggodownbecauseasorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter,theybecomemoreefficient.Incolorfilmprocessing,forexample,thecostofa3-by-5-inchprintfellfrom50centsforfive-dayservicein1970to20centsforone-dayservicein1984.Thesameprincipleappliestotheprocessingoffood.AndsinceOlympicFoodswillsooncelebrateitstwenty-fifthbirthday,wecanexpectthatourlongexperiencewillenableustominimizecostsandthusmaximizeprofits.”
Second,itishighlydoubtfulthatthefactsdrawnfromthecolor-filmprocessingindustryareapplicabletothefoodprocessingindustry.Differencesbetweenthetwoindustriesclearlyoutweighthesimilarities,thusmakingtheanalogyhighlylessthanvalid.
带让步的因果式
37“MotorcycleXhasbeenmanufacturedintheUnitedStatesforover70years.Althoughoneforeigncompanyhascopiedthemotorcycleandissellingitforless,thecompanyhasfailedtoattractmotorcycleXcustomers—somesaybecauseitsproductlackstheexceptionallyloudnoisemadebymotorcycleX.Buttheremustbesomeotherexplanation.Afterall,foreigncarstendtobequieterthansimilarAmerican-madecars,buttheysellatleastaswell.Also,televisionadvertisementsformotorcycleXhighlightitsdurabilityandsleeklines,notitsnoisiness,andtheadstypicallyhavevoice-oversorrockmusicratherthanengine-roaronthesoundtrack.”
Tobeginwith,thefirstreasonrestsontheassumptionthatwhatautomobilecustomersfindappealingisanalogoustowhatmotorcyclecustomersfindappealing.Thisassumptionisweak,sincealthoughtherearepointsofcomparisonbetweenautomobilesandmotorcycles,therearemanydissimilaritiesaswell.
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4）让步转折式
Theauthor’ssecondreasonisalsoproblematic.AlthoughtheenginenoiseofMotorcycleXisnotexplicitlytoutedinadvertisements,itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowthatenginenoiseisnotanimportantsellingfeature.BecauseMotorcycleXhasbeenmanufacturedintheU.S.forover70years,itsreputationforenginenoiseisprobablyalreadywellknownandneednotbeadvertised.Moreover,theadvertisersmightuserockmusiconMotorcycleXadsoundtracksforthespecificpurposeofsuggesting,orevensimulating,itsloudenginenoise.
8．“Thecommonnotionthatworkersaregenerallyapatheticaboutmanagementissuesisfalse,oratleastoutdated:
arecentlypublishedsurveyindicatesthat79percentofthenearly1,200workerswhorespondedtosurveyquestionnairesexpressedahighlevelofinterestinthetopicsofcorporaterestructuringandredesignofbenefitsprograms.”
Athirdproblemwiththeargumentisthatitmakesahastygeneralizationaboutthetypesofissuesworkersareinterestedin.Itaccordswithcommonsensethatworkerswouldbeinterestedincorporaterestructuringandredesignofbenefitsprograms,sincetheseissuesaffectworkersverydirectly.However,itisunfairtoassumethatworkerswouldbesimilarlyinterestedinothermanagementissues—onesthatdonotaffectthemoraffectthemlessdirectly.
1．原文中的一个推理/assumption/结论
2．驳斥该推理/assumption/结论
也可以并成一句话
10.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofalocalnewspaper.
“Thispastwinter,200studentsfromWaymarshStateCollegetraveledtothestatecapitolbuildingtoprotestagainstproposedcutsinfundingforvariousstatecollegeprograms.Theother12,000Waymarshstudentsevidentlyweren’tsoconcernedabouttheireducation:
theyeitherstayedoncampusorleftforwinterbreak.Sincethegroupwhodidnotprotestisfarmorenumerous,itismorerepresentativeofthestate’scollegestudentsthanaretheprotesters.Thereforethestatelegislatureneednotheedtheappealsoftheprotestingstudents.”
First,theauthorassumesthatbecauseonlyone-tenthofthestudentstookpartintheprotest,thesestudents’viewsareunrepresentativeoftheentirestudentbody.Thisassumptionisunwarranted.
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合并为
First,theauthorunwarrantedlyassumesthatbecauseonlyone-tenthofthestudentstookpartintheprotest,thesestudents’viewsareunrepresentativeoftheentirestudentbody.
1.原文中的一个推理/assumption/结论
也可以展开为两句
11.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofalocalnewspaper.
“InthefirstfouryearsthatMontoyahasservedasmayorofthecityofSanPerdito,thepopulationhasdecreasedandtheunemploymentratehasincreased.Twobusinesseshaveclosedforeachnewbusinessthathasopened.UnderVarro,whoservedasmayorforfouryearsbeforeMontoya,theunemploymentratedecreasedandthepopulationincreased.Clearly,theresidentsofSanPerditowouldbebestservediftheyvotedMontoyaoutofofficeandreelectedVarro.”
Firstofall,theauthorassumesthattheMontoyaadministrationcausedtheunemploymentinSanPerditoaswellasitspopulationloss.ThelineofreasoningisthatbecauseMontoyawaselectedbeforetheriseinunemploymentandthedeclineinpopulation,theformereventcausedthelatter.
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3.指出该推理/assumption/结论的各种可能的错误
1）反例法2）正反例法3）他因列举法（itispossiblethat）
（他因越合理、越细致就越有效）
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1）反例法
1．Overtime,thecostsofprocessinggodownbecauseasorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter,theybecomemoreefficient.Incolorfilmprocessing,forexample,thecostofa3-by-5-inchprintfellfrom50centsforfive-dayservicein1970to20centsforone-dayservicein1984.Thesameprincipleappliestotheprocessingoffood.AndsinceOlympicFoodswillsooncelebrateitstwenty-fifthbirthday,wecanexpectthatourlongexperiencewillenableustominimizecostsandthusmaximizeprofits.”
Second,itishighlydoubtfulthatthefactsdrawnfromthecolor-filmprocessingindustryareapplicabletothefoodprocessingindustry.Differencesbetweenthetwoindustriesclearlyoutweighthesimilarities,thusmakingtheanalogyhighlylessthanvalid.Forexample,problemsofspoilage,contamination,andtimelytransportationallaffectthefoodindustrybutarevirtuallyabsentinthefilm-processingindustry.Problemssuchasthesemightpresentinsurmountableobstaclesthatpreventloweringfood-processingcostsinthefuture.
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2）正反例法
8.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofacorporatenewsletter.
“Thecommonnotionthatworkersaregenerallyapatheticaboutmanagementissuesisfalse,oratleastoutdated:
arecentlypublishedsurveyindicatesthat79percentofthenearly1,200workerswhorespondedtosurveyquestionnairesexpressedahighlevelofinterestinthetopicsofcorporaterestructuringandredesignofbenefitsprograms.”
First,thestatisticscitedintheeditorialmaybemisleadingbecausethetotalnumberofworkersemployedbythecorporationisnotspecified.Forexample,ifthecorporationemploys2000workers,thefactthat79percentofthenearly1200respondentsshowedinterestinthesetopicsprovidesstrongsupportfortheconclusion.《正例》Ontheotherhand,ifthecorporationemploys200,000workers,theconclusionismuchweaker.《反例》
3）他因列举法（itispossiblethat）
5.ThefollowingappearedinanannouncementissuedbythepublisherofTheMercury,aweeklynewspaper.“Sinceacompetinglower-pricednewspaper,TheBugle,wasstartedfiveyearsago,TheMercury’scirculationhasdeclinedby10,000readers.ThebestwaytogetmorepeopletoreadTheMercuryistoreduceitspricebelowthatofTheBugle,atleastuntilcirculationincreasestoformerlevels.Theincreased
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