英语翻译实践与理论.docx
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英语翻译实践与理论
Translation
⏹Whatistranslation?
（definition）
⏹Whatisagoodtranslation?
（criteria）
⏹Nida:
⏹Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.
⏹许钧：
⏹ 翻译是以符号转换为手段，意义再生为任务的一项跨文化的交际活动。
E.g.
⏹Heissuggestivelysilent.
⏹他一声不吭，似有隐衷。
⏹Hemanagedtoraiseacropof200miracletomatoesthatweigheduptotwopoundseach.
⏹他居然种出了二百个神奇的西红柿，每个重达两镑。
e.g.
⏹1.了解过去有助于了解现在，了解现在有助于预知未来。
⏹2.她一想到那次交通事故，就双腿僵硬，难以走路。
⏹1.Anacquaintanceofthepastishelpfultotheacquaintanceofthepresent,whichisinturnhelpfultothepredictionofthefuture.
⏹2.Thethoughtofthetrafficaccidentmadeherlegsbecomestiffenedunderherandunabletowalk.
e.g.
⏹Oneofthemoststartlingpiecesofevidencethatshowspeoplearenotintouchwithwhat'sreallygoingonintheirpartnershipsisthefactthatthemajorityofpeoplewhofilefordivorcesaytheydidn'tthinktherewasarelationship-threateningproblemjustsixmonthspriortobreakingup.
⏹大多数申请离婚的人都说，就在感情破裂的六个月前，他们都还没有感到什么情感危机。
这一令人惊讶的事实表明人们对自己的婚姻状况还不甚了解。
严复：
信达雅—faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.The“threecharacterguide”isregardedasaplumb-lineoflongstandingtomeasuretheprofessionalleveloftranslating.
傅雷：
神似—spiritualconformity,Emphasizingthereproductionofthespiritoftheflavoroftheoriginal.强调原作神韵再现。
钱钟书：
化境—sublimedadaptation.Focusonthetranslator’ssmoothandidiomaticChineseversionforthesakeoftheChinesereader.
刘重德：
信、达、切—faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.
鲁迅：
宁信而不顺---rathertobefaithfulthansmooth。
梁实秋、赵景深：
宁顺而不信---rathertobesmooththanfaithful
鲁迅目的：
引入英文句式的表达法
梁实秋目的：
可读性强，便于交流。
⏹信faithfulness?
⏹达expressiveness?
⏹雅elegance?
⏹Equivalence:
⏹
（1）semanticequivalence
⏹
（2）stylisticequivalence
SomeCategoriesofTranslationCriteria
⏹直译 vs意译
⏹LiteraltranslationvsLiberaltranslation
⏹形似 vs神似
⏹FormalconformityvsSpiritualconformity
⏹异化 vs归化
⏹ForeignizationvsDomestication
⏹AdvantagesandDisadvantages
FactorsInfluencingYourTranslation
⏹Yourcompetenceandyourtemperament
⏹Context（textualandcultural）
⏹Expectedreaders
ReferenceBooks
⏹陆谷孙 《英语大词典》上海译文出版社
⏹吴光华 《汉英大词典》上海交通大学出版社
⏹冯庆华 《实用翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社
⏹陈宏薇 《新实用汉译英教程》湖北教育出版社
⏹郭著章 《英汉互译实用教程》武汉大学出版社
⏹刘宓庆 《文体与翻译》中国对外翻译出版公司
⏹柯平 《英汉与汉英翻译教程》北京大学出版社
⏹Choiceofwordmeaning
Examples
⏹1.她正在梳头。
⏹2.让我从头讲起吧。
⏹3.这还是我头一次来杭州呢。
⏹4.最近镇上来了几个有头有脸的人物。
⏹5.我们对待事情不能只顾一头。
Examples
⏹1.Thedinnercostusfivedollarsahead.
⏹2.Thelecturewasabovemyhead.
⏹3.Headsortails?
⏹4.Let’sdiscussthequestionunderfiveheads.
⏹5.Heheadedstraightforthebar.
跑 run
Examples
⏹1.他十多岁就学会了杂耍，已经跑江湖数十年了。
⏹2.你在公司里不过是个跑龙套的角色。
⏹3.车胎跑气了。
Examples
⏹runinto/rundown/runafter/runagainst/runin/runout
⏹runafever/runacar/runintodebt/runafactory/runforpresidency/runoil/runtheriskof/runsb.intodifficulties
Examples
⏹1.Theidearunsinhismind.
⏹2.Thenewsrunsrapidlyinthetown.
⏹3.Themachinerunswell.
⏹4.Thestreetrunsnorth.
Man
⏹Beaman!
⏹manandhiswife
⏹officersandmen
Sophisticated
⏹sophisticatedman
⏹sophisticatedwoman
⏹sophisticateddriver
⏹sophisticatedelectronicdevice
⏹sophisticatedweapon
ToChooseaWordMeaninginaWiderContext
⏹1.Pleasetellmeifyoucanhelpus.
⏹2.I’msureI’llbeatJohnthistime.
⏹3.Wehavenospringhere.
Exercises
⏹1.IneveryChinesecity,wegotintothestreets,shops,parks,theatresandrestaurants.
⏹2.…yet,assometimeshappensthatapersondepartshislife,whoisreallydeservingofthepraisesthestone-cuttercarvesoverhisbones;whoisagoodChristian,agoodparent,agoodchild,agoodwifeoragoodhusband;whoactuallydoeshaveadisconsolatefamilytomournhisloss…
2.ExtendingtheWordMeaning
（differencesinCULTUREandWORD-FORMING）
2.1ConcreteAbstract
⏹TheoreticalBasis:
⏹SLTL
⏹cultureimagenocultureimage
Examples
⏹鸡毛蒜皮
⏹狗急跳墙
⏹单枪匹马
⏹生龙活虎
⏹开门见山
Examples
⏹eatlikeabird
⏹licksb’sboots
⏹walkonair
⏹breaktheice
⏹他万万没想到在他前进的道路上竟会出现这么多拦路虎。
⏹这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干嘛？
⏹I’llbreakmynecktogetthisdonebyFriday,butIcan’tpromiseforsure.
⏹Heisarollingstone,Idon’tthinkhecanlayupanymoney.
⏹Everyoneisforbreadandbutterinlife.
2.2AbstractConcrete
⏹TheoreticalBasis:
⏹SLTL
⏹nocultureimagecultureimage
Examples
⏹verytimid
⏹keepquiet
⏹acceleratethespeed
⏹befullofanxietyandworry
⏹beveryanxioustoreturnhome
Examples
⏹简言之
⏹鲁莽的人
⏹截然不同
⏹觉得可疑
⏹他每天都要处理许多棘手的问题。
⏹我们决不能姑息坏人。
⏹Althoughtheydecidedtogoinoppositedirections,theyhadnotcutoffrelationscompletely.
AbstractConcrete
（2）
TheoreticalBasis
⏹SyntheticVs.Analytic
⏹EnglishChinese
Ø形态变化、词序和虚词是表达语法意义的三大手段。
Definition
⏹Asyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.
⏹Webster’sNinthNewCollegiateDictionary
Definition
⏹Ananalyticlanguageischaracterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedforms.
⏹TheRandomHouseCollegeDictionary
EmotionalParticleinChinese
⏹下雨了。
⏹下雨了吗？
⏹下雨了吧？
⏹下雨了啊!
⏹你带上这本书。
⏹你带上这本书吗？
⏹你带上这本书吧!
AuxiliaryVerb
⏹HecanfinishthetaskbyMonday.
⏹HemustfinishthetaskbyMonday.
⏹HeshouldfinishthetaskbyMonday.
⏹Canyouopenthewindow?
⏹Couldyouopenthewindow?
⏹Willyouopenthewindow?
Example
⏹Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.
⏹Heastonishedusbyhisrapidmovements.
⏹Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhismovements.
⏹Averyimportantquestion
⏹Aquestionofgreatimportance
⏹Thereisnoinconsistencyinwhathesaid.
⏹Thereisnothinginconsistentinwhathesaid.
SomeAffixationsinEnglish
⏹Prefixes:
⏹Inter-相互
⏹Trans-跨
⏹Multi-多
⏹Ultra-超
⏹Meta-超越、超出
⏹Pre-之前
⏹Suffixes:
⏹-ment行为的结果、手段、工具、过程
⏹-ness性质、状态
⏹-tion动作、状态、结果
⏹-ism主义、学说、信仰、行为
⏹-ship情况、身份、职业
⏹-hood身份、资格、性质、状态
⏹-ing动作或动作的过程、结果、产物、对象、与某一事物有关的动作
⏹-ance性质、行动、过程、程度
⏹-ence动作、性质、状态
Examples
⏹HewasdescribedasimpressedbyDeng’sflexibility.
⏹Whattheywantedmostwasanendofuncertainties.
⏹Hediscussedgreatnessandexcellence.
⏹Weweregreatlymovedbyhisloftiness.
⏹Hisfar-sightednessandperseverancehasyieldedarichharvest.
⏹Thestarstwinkledintransparentclarity.
⏹Italkedtohimwithbrutalfrankness.
Tip
⏹Withcategorywords,concretewords,images,etc.,youcantranslateabstractwordsinEnglishintoconcreteChineseones.
MoreExamples
⏹Disintegration
⏹Ardentloyalty
⏹Perfectharmony
⏹Withgreateagerness
⏹Lackofperseverance
⏹Feedonfancies
⏹Therehadbeentoomuchviolenceinthatregion.
⏹Theblackpeoplewerefightingagainstthesegregationofthegovernment.
⏹Thepharmacologistsaremakingacarefulstudyoftheallergyofthemedicine.
Exercises
⏹Tohelpmyselflivewithoutfault,ImadealistofwhatIconsideredthe13virtues.Thesevirtuesare1Temperance,2Self-control,3Silence,4Order,5Firmnessofmind,6Savings,7Industry,8Honesty,9Justice,10Cleanliness,11Calmness,12Morality,13Humbleness.BenjaminFranklin
NominalizationinEnglish
and
ConversionofPartsofSpeech
1.Warmingup
⏹1）要想知道布丁的滋味，就要亲自尝一尝。
⏹2）别人劝说也好，恳求也好，他都无动于衷。
⏹1）要想知道布丁的滋味，就要亲自尝一尝。
⏹C.f.Ifyouwanttoknowthetasteofpudding,youneedtoeatoneyourself.
⏹
⏹Theproofofthepuddingisintheeating.
⏹2）别人劝说也好，恳求也好，他都无动于衷。
⏹C.f.Howeverotherpeoplepersuadedhimorentreatedhim,hewasnottobemoved.
⏹
⏹Hewasnottobemovedbyeitherpersuasionsorentreaties.
2.TypicalChineseSentencesasContrast
⏹他想办法摆脱了困境。
连动式
⏹我们请她唱歌。
兼语式
⏹你去教室把他叫回来。
把字式+兼语式
⏹我被老师叫到办公室去作检讨。
被动式+连动式
⏹达到理想境界要靠辛勤劳动。
（主、宾）
⏹他不停地来回走动，激动得说不出话来。
（状、补）
⏹革命不是请客吃饭。
（表）
⏹E:
STATIVEnounadjective
⏹C:
DYNAMICverbadverb
4.TranslationApproachAnalysis
ØThedoctor’sextremelyquickarrivalanduncommonlycarefulexaminationofthepatientbroughtabouthisveryspeedyrecovery.
Ø？
医生极其快速的到达和对病人不同寻常的细致检查带来他的迅速康复。
⏹Thedoctorarrivedextremelyquicklyandexaminedthepatientuncommonlycarefully;soherecoveredveryspeedily.
⏹DynamicAdjustment
5.Examples（E—C）
⏹5.1（NounVerb）
⏹Thisnoveldefieseasyclassification.
⏹C.f.这部小说违背简单的分类。
⏹ 这部小说不好分类。
⏹Itwasonlymycapacityforhardworkthatsavedmefromearlydismissal.
⏹C.f.我干重活的能力使我免于早早的解雇。
⏹要不是我能干重活，早就被解雇了。
5.2（Prep.Verb）
⏹1.Hehassomeonebehindhim.
⏹2.Millionsofthepeopleinthemountainousareasarefinallyoffpoverty.
⏹3.Hewasbetweensheetsbyeleven.
5.3（ZeroVerb）
⏹Afterthefootballmatch,he’sgotanimportantmeeting.
⏹Hedismissedthemeetingwithoutaclosingspeech.
⏹See.TextbookP58.
6.1（VerbNoun）
仔细比较一下，就能看出他们的不同。
C.f.Ifwecomparethemcarefully,wecanfindtheirdifference.
Carefulcomparisonwillrevealtheirdifference.
⏹他能吃能睡。
⏹C.f.
⏹Heeatswellandsleepswell.
⏹（Isheveryrich?
）
⏹Hecaneatandsleep.
⏹（Whocannot?
）
⏹Heisagoodeaterandgoodsleeper.
⏹我儿子拉洋车。
⏹C.f.
⏹Mysonpullsrickshaw.
⏹Mysonisarickshawpuller.
⏹你们今天老是看着表等下班啊。
6.2（VerbPrep.）
⏹1.许多学生反对他。
⏹2.我永远支持你。
⏹3.这趟火车是开往芝加哥的吗？
7.Appreciation
⏹经过学校的门口，也改换了名称和模样，于我很生疏。
（《在酒楼上》）
⏹WhenIpassedthegateoftheschool,thattoohadchangeditsnameandappearance,makingmefeelquiteastranger.
⏹空气是这样的清香，使人胸脯里感到分外凉爽、舒畅。
（《创业史》）
⏹Theairwasfreshandfragrant;itgavepeopleafeelingofexceptionalcoolnessandcomfort.
⏹街
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