非谓语动词.docx
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非谓语动词
非谓语动词
(一)动词不定式
Quiz:
1.Robertissaid______abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.
A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying
2.Mrs.Smithwarnedherdaughter______afterdrinking.
A.nevertodriveB.toneverdriveC.neverdrivingD.neverdrive
3.InsomepartsofLondon,missingabusmeans_______foranotherhour.
A.waitingB.towaitingC.waitD.tobewaiting
4.When______,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.
A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted
一、非谓语动词的概念简言之:
非谓语动词是不作谓语的动词
非谓语动词:
在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式
三种形式:
不定式、动名词、分词
二、不定式的作用
(一)作主语作主语时,谓语用单数
Tomasteraforeignlanguageisveryimportant.Tofinishthejobtookustwohours.
Itisveryimportanttomasteraforeignlanguage.用it作形式主语,不定式置于谓语后
Ittookustwohourstofinishthejob.Togetthereontimeisimpossibleforus.
Itisimpossibleforustogetthereontime.Tohelpusisverykindofyou.
Itisverykindofyoutohelpus.
注意:
1.其他系动词look,appear等可用于Itis…to…句型;
2.不定式作主语的句子中含有一个不定式作表语,不能用Itis…to…句型
Itistobelievetosee.Toseeistobelieve.
3.Itis+adj.of/forsb.todosth.结构中,当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词构成系表结构时,用of,否则用for
Itisimpoliteofyoutospiltinpublic.Itiskindofyoutothrowtherubbishinthebin.
Itisnecessaryforyoutoprepareforthecomingexamination.
Itisurgentforustotakeeffectivemeasurestoprotecttheenvironment.
(二)作宾语
Ifindithardtogetalongwithhim.Hemanagedtoescapefromthefire.
动词+疑问词+todo,特殊疑问句+不定式≈名词,作宾语
Ican’tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.Idon’tknowwhattodonext/howtodoitnext.
注意
不定式短语作宾语时,若带宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语置于宾语补足语后,用it作形式宾语
Ifinditnecessarytolearnaforeignlanguage.
(三)作宾语补足语
动词+宾语+todo
IwantyoutospeaktoTom.Hewarnedmetobecareful.
Whatmakesyouthinkso?
加不带to的动词不定式的动词:
make,see,hear,watch,let,have,observe,notice
动词+宾语+tobe的不定式结构
Thebookisbelievedtobeuninteresting.WeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.
CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered______thefirstcomputer.
A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented
there+todo
Wedidn’texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.
WeregardTomasourbestteacher.Marytookhimasherfather.
需用as短语作补语的动词:
regard,think,believe,take,consider…
动词feel,hear,listento,have,let,make,notice,see,watch,observe,lookat等加不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,但变为被动语态必须带to
Theysawtheboyfalloffthetree.Theboywasseentofalloffthetree.
(四)作定语
修饰名词或代词,构成逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系,常置于被修饰词后
Heislookingforaroomtolivein.(动状关系)Ihavealotofworktodo.(动宾关系)
修饰名词或代词,构成逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系,常置于被修饰词后
Hehasgotachancetogoabroad.(同位关系)Heisthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.(主谓关系)
注意
不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语时,不定式用主动形式表被动
Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?
(五)作状语不定式作状语:
表示目的、结果、原因等
不定式短语:
inorderto,soasto,so…asto,such…asto,…enoughto,too…to…
1.作目的状语:
to,onlyto,inorderto,soasto,so(such)…asto…
Hecametotheschooltoseehisson.Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.
2.作结果状语:
表事先没有预料到的,置于句尾
Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.Hehurriedtothepostofficeonlytofinditwasclosed.
表示结果
3.作原因状语
I’mgladtoseeyou.Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenews.
注意
不定式作状语,逻辑主语是主句的主语
Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto______.
A.sitB.sitonC.beseatD.besaton
(六)作表语:
不定式置于be动词后
Myquestioniswhentoleave.Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.
Hisdreamistobeadoctor.
(七)独立结构
Tomakemattersworse,itbegantorain.Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tagreewithyou.
I’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat_______inmynewjob.
A.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expects
三、不定式的时态和语态
(一)时态
不定式;现在时;完成时;进行时;完成进行时;
现在时:
与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生/发生在谓语动词的动作之后表示动作发生在谓语动词之后宾语从句
Ihopetoseeyouagain.=IhopethatI’llseeyouagain.Heseemstoknowthis.
完成时:
动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前
Heseemstohavecaughtacold.I’msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.
进行时:
表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生
Heseemstobeeatingsomething.
完成进行时:
表示动作从过去某个时间开始,一直延续到现在,并有可能持续下去
Sheisknowntohavebeenworkingontheproblemformanyyears.
(二)语态:
当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时,用被动式
HeaskedtobesenttoworkinTibet.
不定式主动表被动的情况
Heistoblame.Givemeabooktoread.
Theproblemiseasytoworkout.
Robertissaid______abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.
A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying
四、省略to的不定式
1.情态动词(除ought外)+do
2.wouldrather/hadbetter+do
3.在感官动词see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel等后作宾补,省略to
4.使役动词let,have,make+do
5.and,or,than连接两个不定式,第二个to省去
HewantstomovetoFranceandmarrythegirl.
注意在被动语态中to不能省略
Isawhimdance.(主动语态)Hewasseentodance.(被动语态)
Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.(主动语态)Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.(被动语态)
helpsb.(to)dosth.
Why…/Whynot…+do
but和except前是动词do时,+do
discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand等词后省去tobe
Heissupposed(tobe)nice.他应该是个好人。
Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.
Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine.
1.---Iusuallygotherebytrain.
---Whynot______byboatforachange?
A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing
2.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade______.Healwaysworkshard.
A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning
五、不定式的否定式:
否定形式:
nottodosth.
ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.Tellhimnottoshutthewindow.
1.Mrs.Smithwarnedherdaughter______afterdrinking.
A.nevertodriveB.toneverdriveC.neverdrivingD.neverdrive
2.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim______.
A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotdo
3.Thepatientwaswarned______oilyfoodaftertheoperation.
A.toeatnoB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteating
六、动名词的作用
动名词具有动词和名词的特征;在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语;基本形式:
doing
(一)作主语谓语动词用单数
Collectingstampsismyhobby.Waitinghereisnotgood.
It代替动名词作主语,如It’snogood/usedoing…
It’snogoodwaitinghere.
(二)作宾语
Heoftenpracticesplayingthepianointheevening.Ienjoylisteningtomusic.
Wouldyoumindturningdownyourradioalittle,please?
Heisfondofplayingbasketball.
六、动名词的作用
1.注意
只能接动名词作宾语的动词:
Admit;advise;risk;appreciate;envy;avoid;consider;delay;deny;dislike;enjoy;escape;excuse;finish;forgive;understand
2.注意只能接动名词作宾语的动词:
giveup;imagine;keep;mind;miss;practise;putoff;resist;suggest;can’thelp;can’tstand;devoteto;lookforwardto;stickto;beusedto;objectto;bebusy;feelike;
3.只能接不定式作宾语的动词:
Happen;offer;promise;agree;refuse;decide;determine;pretend;fail;learn;wish;hope;expect;afford
4.接动名词/不定式作宾语,意义相同的动词:
Like;love;dislike;hate;begin;star;continue;prefer;can’tbear/endure;cease;
5.接动名词/不定式作宾语,意义不同的动词:
stopdoing;forgetdoing;rememberdoing;regretdoing;trydoing;goondoing;meandoing;stoptodo;forgettodo;remembertodo;regrettodo;trytodo;goontodo;meantodo
InsomepartsofLondon,missingabusmeans_______foranotherhour.
A.waitingB.towaitingC.waitD.tobewaiting
need,require,want作“需要”讲,其后用动名词的主动式表被动意义,beworth类似
Theflowersneedwatering.Theproblemisworthdiscussing.
(三)作表语动名词可与主语调换位置
Herjobiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechild.=Washing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechildisherjob.
Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.=Collectingstampsismyhobby.
(四)作定语
一般表示用途
awaitingroomareadingroomadivingboardadininghall
七、动名词的时态和语态
(一)时态
发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,常用完成式,否则都用一般式
Hewaspraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.
Weareinterestedinplayingchess.I’msorryfornothavingkeptmypromise.
(二)语态若主语是动名词所表示的动作对象,动名词用被动语态
Irememberhavingbeentoldastory.Wemustdosomethingtopreventwaterfrombeingpolluted.
若主语是动名词所表示的动作对象,动名词用被动语态
Hewasafraidofbeingscoldedbytheteacher.
八、分词的作用
分词分类:
现在分词和过去分词
充当成分:
作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语
现在分词和过去分词的区别:
语态:
现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动
时间:
现在分词表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词同时发生
过去分词表示动作已经完成或无一定时间性
(一)作定语
(一)作定语
1.单个分词作定语,分词前置
Theexcitedpeoplerushedintothebuilding.=Thepeoplewhoareexcitedrushedintothebuilding.
Thesleepingboyismyson.=Theboywhoissleepingismyson.
Alostopportunityneverreturns.=Aopportunitywhichislostneverreturns.
2.分词短语作定语,分词后置;修饰不定代词something等要后置;个别分词give,left等作定语后置
Thebuildingbuiltlastyearisourlibrary.Thegirlstandingunderthetreeismyniece.
Thereisnothinginteresting.Thisisthequestiongiven.
Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.=Mostofthepeoplewhowereinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.(定语从句)
1.Thefirsttextbook______forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecame
outinthe16thcentury.
A.havewrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written
2.What’sthelanguage______inGermany?
A.speakingB.spokenC.bespokenD.tospeak
3.Pricesofdailygoods______throughacomputercanbelowerthanstore
prices.
A.areboughtB.boughtC.beenboughtD.buying
4.WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoor______“Sorryto
missyou;willcalllater.”
A.readB.readsC.toreadD.reading
(二)作状语
现在分词和过去分词在句中可作时间/原因/方式/伴随/条件/结果等状语
Notreceivinganyletterfromhim,Igavehimacall.
Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.=Ifmoreattentionwasgiven,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.
Walkingalongthestreet,Iranacrossmyoldfriend.=WhenIwaswalkingalongthestreet,Iranacrossmyoldfriend.
Bittenbyasnake,hewastakentohospital.=Becausehewasbittenbyasnake,hewastakentohospital.
Thoughdefeated,hedidn’tloseheart.=Thoughhewasdefeated,hedidn’tloseheart.
Helay