UnitThree讲义.docx

UnitThree讲义.docx

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UnitThree讲义

UnitThree

TEXTI

WallsandBarriersEugeneRaskin尤金.拉斯金

Teachingobjectives

1.Writingwithinductivereasoning.

2.Exposition/argumentationthroughcomparisonandcontrast.

3.Philosophicalsignificanceinarchitecture.

Teachingprocedures

I．Pre-readingBrainstorming

Pre-readingQuestions

1）WhywastheGreatWallbuiltinChina?

Whatwasitsmainfunctionwhenitwasfirstbuilt?

---TheGreatWallofChinawasfirstbuiltfollowingtheunificationofChinabytheFirstEmperoroftheQinDynastyin221B.C.Itwasrenovatedandrebuiltinsucceedingdynasties.Initspresentform,itsubstantiallydatesfromtheMingDynasty（1368-1644）.ItstretchesfromGansuProvincetoShanhaiguan,Hebei,windingcontinuouslyacrossnorthernChinaandtotaling6,700kilometersinlength.ThewallwaserectedtoprotectChinafromnortherntribes.

2）Whatistherelationbetween“walls”and“barriers”?

---Awallisdefinedasacontinuousandusuallyverticalandsolidstructureofstones,bricks,concrete,etc.,servingtoencloseorprotectordivideofftown,house,room,field,etc.Abarrierisdefinedasamaterialobjectthatservesasanobstructionoranobstacletopreventcommunicationortocheck（e.g.,theadvanceofanenemy）.

Intheolddays,wallswereerectedasbarriersagainstdangerfromwithout,andtheGreatWallofChinacanserveasatypicalexampleofthis.MostwallsinChinafunctionasbarriers.

DictionaryWork

1.tangible（L.8）:

substantiallyreal;material

2.custom（L.10）:

businesspatronage;regularsupportgiventoatradesmanbythosewhobuyhisgoods

3.impregnable（L.12）:

unassailable,unattackable;sturdy

4.credit（L.17）:

trustinaperson’sabilityandintentiontopayatalatertimeforgoods,etc.supplied

5.dash（L.20）:

vigorinstyleandaction

6.flair（L.20）:

ingenuityandvitality

7.invulnerability（L.26）:

freedomfromharmorattack

posiotion（L.31）:

arrangementintoproperproportionorrelationandespeciallyintoartisticform

9.illusory（L.38）:

deceptive

10.preclude（L.39）:

makeimpossible

LibraryWork

TheAuthor:

EugeneRaskin（1909-

USarchitect,playwright,composer:

⏹interestsrangingfrommusicandplaywritingtoarchitecturalscholarship;

⏹adjunctprofessoratColumbiafrom1936to1976;

⏹authorofArchitecturallySpeaking,SequeltoCities,andArchitectureandPeople.

⏹Composerofhitsong"ThoseWeretheDays,"（fromaRussianfolkmelodyin1968）,hitNo.1ontheBritishchartsandNo.2ontheAmericancharts.

⏹diedat94inManhattan

Architecturalstylesanddesigns:

IllustrationsofvariousarchitecturalstylesanddesignscanbefoundinAcademicAmericanEncyclopedia,Collier’sEncyclopedia,EncyclopediaAmericana,EncyclopediaBritannic,andsomeotherencyclopedias.Thefollowingarethesourcesofsomeillustrationsofmodernarchitecture.

1）AcademicAmericanEncyclopedia.1981ed.v.2,p.137

"LeverHouse（completed1952）,NewYorkCity.Thebuildingusesglasscurtainwall（i.e.,pieceofplainwallnotsupportingaroof）constructionandrisesfromahorizontalbasethatsurroundsarooflessgardencourtatstreetlevel."

2）Collier’sEncyclopedia,1983ed.v.2,p.534

"TheLeverHouseinNewYorkCityis24storiesofshiningglassandstainlesssteel."

3）EncyclopediaAmericana,1988ed.v.2,p.236

"Bauhaus,Dessau,Germany,hasasteel-frameandconcreteinteriorthatpermitsbuildingaglass-wallexteriorforlightandopenness."

4）EncyclopediaBritannia:

Macropaedia,1984ed.v.1,plate2followingp.1100

"TheSeagramBuilding,NewYorkCity,1956-1958,functionalismandeleganceofdesignexpressedinsteelframeandcurtain-wallconstruction."

II．Comprehension：

1．MainIdea:

Thispassagecomparesclassicalandmodernarchitectureaswellasoldandnewviewsofmoney,anditcontraststhemodernnotionofwall-as-windowwiththeancientconceptionofwall-as-barrier.

Thewriter’sConclusion/pointofview:

Architectureisanexpressionofpeople’smentality（attitudes,prejudices,taboos,andideals）;therefore,changesintheirviewsoftheworldandofthemselvesareboundtobemirroredinarchitecture.

MainIdeaoftheText

⏹Architectureisanexpressionofpeople’sthoughts/ideas/mentality.

⏹Architectureisamediumfortheexpressionofhumanbeliefsandattitudes.

⏹Thechangeofthearchitecturalstylereflectspeople’schangedviewoftheworld

⏹Humanoutlookisreflectedinarchitecturalstyles

…etc

2．PurposeofwritingandTone:

Raskinin“WallsandBarriers”intendstoillustrateandpromoteanopinionthatchangesintheirviewsoftheworldandofthemselvesareboundtobemirroredinarchitecture.Heachieveshispurposethroughlogicalreasoning（inductiveanalysis,makingcomparisonandcontrastsandcause-and-effectanalysis）

3OrganizationandDevelopment:

Listofcontrasts:

a.architecturaldesignsofbanksparas.3&4

b.functionofbankpara.4

c.classicalandnewcriticismofarchitecturepara.6

d.attitudetowardpossiblehostilityinprimitiveandmodernworldparas.7&9

e.attitudetowardprivacyparas.8,9,&10

Commentontheopeningofthepassage:

Hisfatherismadetorepresenttheearliergeneration;hisvoiceisavoicefromthepast.Raskin’sisavoiceofthepresent,representingthenewgeneration.Aswhathewantstodoistocontrasttheoldviewswiththemodernones,quotinghisfatherisaneffectivewayofstartingtheessay.

Introduction:

（P1-2）Openingofthepassage--Introductionofthetopicbyquotingthenegativeattitudeoftheauthor’sfathertowardmodernarchitecture（abankbuilding）:

Architectureisanexpressionofpeople’smentality.

Body:

（1）（P3-5）Contrastbetweenpeople’sdifferentviewsofmoneyandreflectionofthisinthearchitecturaldesignsofbanks

①Contrastofmoney,functionofthebankandformofarchitecture（3–4）

②Conclusion:

Architectureisamediumfortheexpressionofhumanbeliefsandattitudes（5）

Body

（2）（P6-10）contraststhemodernnotionofwall-as-windowwiththeancientconceptionofwall-as-barrier.

Contrastofclassicalandnewcriticismofarchitecture（6）

Contrastbetweenprimitivesocietyandmodernsocietyinarchitecturaldesigns（7–10）

①Attitudetowardthreatandhostilityfromtheworldofmen

②Attitudetowardprivacy

③Effectonarchitecture:

Heavywallsareobsolete,moredelicatematerialsareusedinstead.

Conclusion:

（P11）Theformofarchitectureisdeterminedbyitsfunction.--Ourchangingconceptionsofourselvesinrelationstotheworlddeterminehowweshallbuildourwalls.

Amoredetailedone:

Askstudentstoanalyzethestructureofthetextandtounderlinethecohesivedevicesthatestablishthelinkbetweenparagraphs.

Para1-2:

Startingwiththefather’sreactiontothebankbuildingstyle,thusraisingthetopicofarchitecture

Para3-5:

AnalyzingHOWthechangedarchitecturalstyleofabankisareflectionofpeople’schangedattitudetowardmoney.

[Callstudents’attentiontotheexpositorymeansof.comparisonandcontrastemployedinthissectionwiththefollowingchart.]

Focusofcomparison

ContrastingPoints

Past

Present

conceptionofmoney

-tangiblecommodity,

-cash

-productofimagination

-credit,book-keeping

bank’sfunction

-toprovidea“safe”

-toofferservice

bank’sarchitecturaldesign

-appearingimpregnable,withheavewalls,barredwindows&bronzedoors;

-enclosed

-cubicalcageofglass,lightedinterior,withwindowdisplaysfromdoortovault;

-open

Conclusion:

Thearchitecturalstyleofabankisnotsimplyamatterofaestheticconcern;itisareflectionofpeople’sprevailingconceptionsofmoney.

Para6-10:

Movingfromthebuildingstyleofthebanktothearchitecturalstyleingeneral,toillustrateHOWthearchitecturalstylereflectspeople’smentality.

[Callstudents’attentiononceagaintoexpositionthroughcontrasts.]

ocusofcomparison

ContrastingPoints

Primitive

Modern

conceptionofuniverse

large,fearsome,hostile,uncontrollable

controllable,relyingonlaw&order

expectedfunctionsofwalls

tolimitspaceforhumanprotection

toseparateundesirableair,

resultingarchitecturalstyle

heavywallsofhugeboulders

thinsheetmetalorglassaswalls

Focusofcomparison

ContrastingPoints

Primitive

Modern

conceptionofprivacy

conceptionofman

-cherishedgreatly;

-dirty,prying,vile,dangerous,-introspective,-seekingsolitude

-proudtobeseen/admired

-reasonable,

-respectinglawandorder

-seekingpubliclife

resultingarchitecturalfeatures

-heavywalls;

-inwardstyle

-thinmetalorglasswalls

-openplan,unobstructedview

Conclusion:

Theheavywallsexpressman’sfearoftheouterworldandhisneedtofindprotection;whiletheglasswallexpressesman’sconvictionthathecananddoesmasternatureandsociety.

Para11:

Re-statingthethesis:

Architectureasameansofexpressinghumanmentality.

Outlineoforganization

Presentingthetopic{para1-2}

Elaboration（para3-5）

（Thesis:

Thechangedbankbuildingstyleisareflectionof

people’schangedconceptionofmoney）

Furtherelaboration:

（para6-10）

fromspecificbankbuildingstyletoarchitectureingeneral

（Thesis:

Architectureisareflectionofhumanmentality）

Conclusion（para11）

（Re-statingthethesis）

▲

WALLSANDBARRIERS墙与屏障

Generalquestions:

⏹Howdoyoudefine“walls”,andhowdoyoudefine“barriers”?

Aretheyconnectedinanysense?

⏹Whatisthemainideaofthetext?

Arethereanysentence/sorparagraph/sinthetextthattellyouthethesis/centralmessageoftheauthor?

QuestionsforPara1:

⏹Howdoesthebankat43rdSt.and5thAvelooklike?

Aretheremanymodernbu