Quoting-paraphrasing--and-summarizing.doc

Quoting-paraphrasing--and-summarizing.doc

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Quoting,Paraphrasing,andSummarizing

Thishandoutisintendedtohelpyoubecomemorecomfortablewiththeusesofanddistinctionsamongquotations,paraphrases,andsummaries.Thishandoutcomparesandcontraststhethreeterms,givessomepointers,andincludesashortexcerptthatyoucanusetopracticetheseskills.

Whatarethedifferencesamongquoting,paraphrasing,andsummarizing?

Thesethreewaysofincorporatingotherwriters'workintoyourownwritingdifferaccordingtotheclosenessofyourwritingtothesourcewriting.

Quotationsmustbeidenticaltotheoriginal,usinganarrowsegmentofthesource.Theymustmatchthesourcedocumentwordforwordandmustbeattributedtotheoriginalauthor.

Paraphrasinginvolvesputtingapassagefromsourcematerialintoyourownwords.Aparaphrasemustalsobeattributedtotheoriginalsource.Paraphrasedmaterialisusuallyshorterthantheoriginalpassage,takingasomewhatbroadersegmentofthesourceandcondensingitslightly.

Summarizinginvolvesputtingthemainidea（s）intoyourownwords,includingonlythemainpoint（s）.Onceagain,itisnecessarytoattributesummarizedideastotheoriginalsource.Summariesaresignificantlyshorterthantheoriginalandtakeabroadoverviewofthesourcematerial.

Whyusequotations,paraphrases,andsummaries?

Quotations,paraphrases,andsummariesservemanypurposes.Youmightusethemto...

·Providesupportforclaimsoraddcredibilitytoyourwriting

·Refertoworkthatleadsuptotheworkyouarenowdoing

·Giveexamplesofseveralpointsofviewonasubject

·Callattentiontoapositionthatyouwishtoagreeordisagreewith

·Highlightaparticularlystrikingphrase,sentence,orpassagebyquotingtheoriginal

·Distanceyourselffromtheoriginalbyquotingitinordertocuereadersthatthewordsarenotyourown

·Expandthebreadthordepthofyourwriting

Writersfrequentlyintertwinesummaries,paraphrases,andquotations.Aspartofasummaryofanarticle,achapter,orabook,awritermightincludeparaphrasesofvariouskeypointsblendedwithquotationsofstrikingorsuggestivephrasesasinthefollowingexample:

InhisfamousandinfluentialworktheInterpretationofDreams,SigmundFreudarguesthatdreamsarethe"royalroadtotheunconscious"（page#）,expressingincodedimagerythedreamer'sunfulfilledwishesthroughaprocessknownasthe"dream-work"（page#）.AccordingtoFreud,actualbutunacceptabledesiresarecensoredinternallyandsubjectedtocodingthroughlayersofcondensationanddisplacementbeforeemerginginakindofrebuspuzzleinthedreamitself（page#）.

Howtousequotations,paraphrases,andsummaries

Practicesummarizingtheessaybelow,usingparaphrasesandquotationsasyougo.Itmightbehelpfultofollowthesesteps:

·Readtheentiretext,notingthekeypointsandmainideas.

·Summarizeinyourownwordswhatthesinglemainideaoftheessayis.

·Paraphraseimportantsupportingpointsthatcomeupintheessay.

·Consideranywords,phrases,orbriefpassagesthatyoubelieveshouldbequoteddirectly.

Thereareseveralwaystointegratequotationsintoyourtext.Often,ashortquotationworkswellwhenintegratedintoasentence.Longerquotationscanstandalone.Rememberthatquotingshouldbedoneonlysparingly;besurethatyouhaveagoodreasontoincludeadirectquotationwhenyoudecidetodoso.

Thefollowingisasampleessayyoucanpracticequoting,paraphrasing,andsummarizing.Examplesofeachtaskareprovidedattheendoftheessayforfurtherreference.

HereisthecitationforSipher'sessay:

    Sipher,Roger.“SoThatNobodyHastoGotoSchoolIfTheyDon'tWantTo.”TheNewYorkTimes. 19 December1977.Page31.Print.

SoThatNobodyHasToGoToSchoolIfTheyDon'tWantTo

byRogerSipher

AdeclineinstandardizedtestscoresisbutthemostrecentindicatorthatAmericaneducationisintrouble.

Onereasonforthecrisisisthatpresentmandatory-attendancelawsforcemanytoattendschoolwhohavenowishtobethere.SuchchildrenhavelittledesiretolearnandaresoantagonistictoschoolthatneithertheynormorehighlymotivatedstudentsreceivethequalityeducationthatisthebirthrightofeveryAmerican.

Thesolutiontothisproblemissimple:

Abolishcompulsory-attendancelawsandallowonlythosewhoarecommittedtogettinganeducationtoattend.

Thiswillnotendpubliceducation.Contrarytoconventionalbelief,legislatorsenactedcompulsory-attendancelawstolegalizewhatalreadyexisted.WilliamLandesandLewisSolomon,economists,foundlittleevidencethatmandatory-attendancelawsincreasedthenumberofchildreninschool.Theyfound,too,thatschoolsystemshavenevereffectivelyenforcedsuchlaws,usuallybecauseoftheexpenseinvolved.

Thereisnocontradictionbetweentheassertionthatcompulsoryattendanceh