定语从句附练习与答案详解.docx
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定语从句附练习与答案详解
定语从句详解
定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句:
定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词:
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有where,when,why等。
关系词常有3个作用:
1.代替先行词。
2.引导定语从句。
3.在定语从句中担当一个成分。
Imetsomeonewhosaidheknewyou.我碰见一个人,他说他认识你。
(who代表someone,又引导从句修饰它,同时又在主句中担任主语)
Thedogwhichwaslosthasbeenfound.丢失的狗找着了。
(which代表dog,又引导定语从句修饰它,又在从句中担当主语)
Thenoisethathemadewokeeverybodyup.他弄出的声音把大家都吵醒了。
(that代表noise,又引导定语从句修饰它,又在从句中担任made的宾语)
Thecarwhich(that)Ihiredbrokedown.
()
定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句:
大多数定语从句对所修饰的词的意思加以限制,表示“…的人(或东西)”,这种从句成为限定性定语从句。
这种从句限制所修饰词的意思,如果把它拿掉,句子意思即不清楚,甚至失去意义,例如:
Iknewthereasonwhyhewassoangry.我知道了他为什么那么生气的原因。
(若把从句whyhewassoangry去掉,句子意思则不清楚。
)
MadameCuriewasawomanweadmired.居里夫人是我们崇拜的女性。
(若把从句weadmired去掉,句子就失去意义。
)
非限定性定语从句:
另一种定语从句和主句关系不太紧密,对修饰词的意思没有限定作用,把它拿掉对句子基本上没有影响,句子依然完整。
它可以说是一个附加上去的成分,通常用逗号把它和句子其他部分分开,译成汉语时常可译成并列句。
这种句子只能由who(m),whose或which引导:
CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.
查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
Mydog,whosetemperisveryuncertain,oftenbitesjudgesatdogshows.
我那条狗脾气捉摸不定,参加狗展时常咬裁判。
Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.
这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。
限定性定语从句
一、关系代词(在句中作主语、宾语或定语)
11.that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。
[eg:
Thisisthebook(which)youwant.]
限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
●当先行词是anything,everything,nothing,few,all,none,little,some等不定代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much,each等修饰时
HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?
Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone
Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.
ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.
注意:
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who如:
Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.
●当先行词被序数词修饰ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.
●当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.
●当形容词被thevery,theonly,thesame,thelast修饰时
ThisistheverygooddictionarythatIwanttobuy,
Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who如:
WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting?
●当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时
Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?
WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?
●当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时
Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?
2.who指人在从句中做主语
TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.
YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.
whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。
(注:
who和whom已无太大区别,可以通用。
)
Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.
Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.
Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.
注意:
关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。
如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如:
Heisthemanwhom/whoItalkto.
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如:
HeisthemanwhohasanEnglishbook.
3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时可省略
Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.
Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.
4.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语
Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.
Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.
whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替
Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
二、关系副词(在句中作状语)
1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语
IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.
Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.
2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语
ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.
ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.
3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.
Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.
注意:
关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,
Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.
Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereIwasborn.
三、“介词+关系词”的用法
why=forwhich
where=in/at/on/...which(介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/on/in/...which(介词同先行词搭配)
1、关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时,介词常可以提前,但介词提前时,关系代词只能用which或whom。
如:
Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.
→Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.
TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor.
→TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.
We'llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveoftentalkedabout.
→We'llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.
2、关系副词when,where,why和介词+which之间的关系。
关系副词when,where,why可以用适当的介词+which来替代。
介词的位置非常灵活,有时放在关系代词之前,有时放在动词之后。
如:
when=in/on/at…+which, where=in/on/at…+which, why=for+which
如:
Iwon’tforgetthedatewhen(onwhich)Iwasborn.
Thisistheroomwhere(inwhich)Ilived.=ThisistheroomwhichIlivedin.
Idon’tknowthereasonwhy(forwhich)hehasn’tcometoday.
Tomstillremembersthedayswhen(inwhich)theylivedinTianjin.
注意:
1).含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:
lookforwardto,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等
如:
Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(√) ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F)
2).若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose
如:
Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(√)
Themanwithwho/thatyoutalkedismyfriend.(F)
TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(√)
TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.(F)
3).“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词
如:
Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.
Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someof whichhavegonebad.
Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.
4).把握“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选用
介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配密切相关。
如:
That”sthereasonforwhichhewaslateforschool.
ThisisthebookonwhichIspent8Yuan.
介词选择的三大规则:
1. 取决于从句中的谓语动词同介词的搭配。
(V+pre.)
如:
HeisthemanwhomItalkedwiththismorning.
2. 取决于先行词同介词的常规搭配。
四组常考的搭配:
1)extentdegree(程度)同to搭配
2)price(具体多少钱时与at;若指价格方面与in搭配)speedrate
同at搭配
3)fieldareaaspectsphere(领域,方面)同in搭配
例句:
ThefieldinwhichIstudiedinuniversityispsychology.
4)basisgroundfoundation(基础)同on搭配
四、判断关系代词与关系副词
准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
判断改错
(错)ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.
(错)IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.
(对)Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.
(对)I'llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,when联系在一起。
此两题错在关系词的误用上。
例.Thisisthemuseum___theexhibitionwasheld.
A.where B.that C.onwhich D.theone
答案:
A
句中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因inthemuseum词组,可用介词in+which引导地点状语。
而此题中,介词on用的不对,所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)
非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:
CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。
2.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:
HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
他经常撒谎,这让他老师很生气。
(翻译)
昨晚我们不得不穿着湿衣服睡,这很不舒服。
(翻译)
3.在非限定性定语从句中,不能用关系副词why和关系代词that,而用who,whom代表人,用which,whose代表事物.;
4.有时as也可以做关系代词。
(3)as的用法
由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于andthis或andthat。
As一般放在句首,which在句中。
Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.
Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.
1)as用于限制性定语从句
such…as;thesame…as;
Wehavesuchgrapesasyouneversaw.我们有你从未讲过的葡萄。
Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe(has).我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。
2)as用于非限制性定语从句。
代表所修饰的句子,作用相当于which,但比which多一层“正如”的意思。
e.g.Sheisverycareful,as(=which)herworkshows.
Itislikeasnake,as(=which)anybodycansee.
但要注意,当as从句置于句首时,as不能由which取代。
e.g.Ashehadhoped,hesawtheplay.
3)as的习惯用语
asweallknow众所周知
asiswell-known众所周知
ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述
aswehadexpected正如人们所预料的那样
asanybodycansee正如人人都看到的那样
asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样
Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoourhealth.众所周知,吸烟危害健康。
Aswehadexpected,heperformedthetaskwithsuccess.正如我们所料,他成功地完成了任务。
Thetreeislikeagiant,asanybodycansee.如大家都能见到的那样,这颗树像个巨人。
●在表示方式的“theway”之后的定语从句有三种引导方式
Idon’tlikethewayyouansweredmyquestion.
Idon’tlikethewaythatyouansweredmyquestion.
Idon’tlikethewayinwhichyouansweredmyquestion.
课堂练习:
1.Theplace_______interestedmemostwastheChildren'sPalace.
A.whichB.whereC.whatD.inwhich
2.Doyouknowtheman_______?
A.whomIspokeB.towhospokeC.IspoketoD.thatIspoke
3.Thisisthehotel_______lastmonth.
A.whichtheystayedB.atthattheystayed
C.wheretheystayedatD.wheretheystayed
4.Doyouknowtheyear______theChineseCommunistPartywasfounded?
A.whichB.thatC.whenD.onwhich
5.Thatistheday______I'llneverforget.
A.whichB.onwhichC.inwhichD.when
6.Thefactory______we'llvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.
A.whereB.towhichC.whichD.inwhich
7.Greatchangeshavetakenplacesincetheninthefactory_______weareworking.
A.whereB.thatC.whichD.there
8.Thisisoneofthebestfilms_______.
A.thathavebeenshownthisyearB.thathaveshown
C.thathasbeenshownthisyearD.thatyoutalked
9.Canyoulendmethebook______theotherday?
A.aboutwhichyoutalkedB.whichyoutalked
C.aboutthatyoutalkedD.th