高中定语从句语法详解及练习题有答案.docx
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高中定语从句语法详解及练习题有答案
定语从句
定语从句用来充当句中定语的主谓结构;它主要用于修饰句子中的名词、代词。
而定语从句的位置常常是紧跟在被修饰的名词、代词的后面。
在被修饰的名词、代词与定语从句之间往往有一个关系词将其前后两部分联系成一个整体,或是构成一个名词短语;或是构成一个代词短语。
但从结构上说,关系词与从句是一个整体。
排除句子的其他各部分,这种带有定语从句的名词短语或是代词短语的构成可演示如下:
例:
thosewhodrinkalot那些大量饮酒的人在这个带有定语从句的代词短语中:
those是:
被修饰的名词;
who是:
关系词;
whodrinkalot是:
定语从句通过上面的演示,我们可以归纳出定语从句在句子中的位置、结构如下:
被修饰的名词/代词+关系词+句子(其中,"被修饰的名词/代词"在语法叫作"先行词".)
Ⅰ.概念:
(1)定语从句:
在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2)先行词:
被定语从句修饰的成份。
先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。
(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用:
1)引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词;
2)必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语)
常用的关系代词:
that、which、who、whom、whose、as、but(文语,置于否定词之后=that/who…not…,"没有……不……",在从句中作主语,宾语)
常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语):
when、why、where
ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.
Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.
Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.
I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.
定语从句三步:
第一找出先行词;
第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语或状语);
第三选择合适的关系词。
Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法:
●that:
可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。
(指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如:
1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主语,指物)
Whoisthemanthatisreadingabookoverthere?
(主语,人)
2.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.(宾语,物)
3.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.(指人,宾语)
4.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.(表语)
5.Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.
=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.
=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe。
=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.
●which:
指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。
如:
1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.(主语)
2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.(宾语)
3.Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.
4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(表语)
5.Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench.(定语)
●That和which的区别
定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况:
①当关系代词的前面有介词时.
1.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.
2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?
②在非限制性定语从句中.
1.Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.
2.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry.(which指代主句)
③在一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.
1.Letmeshowyouthenovel,thatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.
2.AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelpmetopassthetimeonthetrainandwhichIcouldpassontootherswhenIfinishedthem.
④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.
1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.
⑤先行词本身是that,宜用which.
What'sthatwhichsheislookingat?
⑥先行词是those+复数名词.
Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.
只能用that而不能用which
①先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等,
1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.
2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.
3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?
②先行词被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等词修饰时。
1.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.
2.That'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.
Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.
Youcantakeany(=whichever)seatthatisfree.
IhopethelittlethatIcanwillbeofsomehelptothem.
比较*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.
*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.
③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。
1.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake.
2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.
④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
1.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.
2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.
⑤先行词既有人又有物,用which和who都不适合,这时宜用that.如:
1.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.
2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.
⑥被修饰词为数词时.
1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.
⑦如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。
Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.
⑧疑问词是who或which,关系代词宜用that,以避免重复。
1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?
2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?
⑨主句是Therebe结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.如:
1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.
⑩被修饰成分为表语时,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that.
1.That'sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.
2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.
●who,whom,
who:
主格,在从句中作主语,只可指人,在现代英语中可以代替whom做动词的宾语。
whom:
宾格,在从句中作动词或者是介词的宾语;只可指人
Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.(主语)
Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代词如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.主语)
ThepersontowhomyoujusttalkedisMrLi.(宾语)
He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.
●Who和whom可以互用的情况
Yesterday,Ihappenedtomeettheprofessorwho(whom)Igottoknowataparty.
昨天在购物中心,我碰巧遇见了那位我在一次聚会上认识的教授。
分析:
做动词的know的宾语
●注意:
who不能代替whom的情况
如果whom在从句中作动词的宾语,它与who可以通用;但是如果whom在从句中作介词的宾语,那么就只能用whom而不能与who通用了
例:
Whoisthegirltoyoutalkedjustnow?
(whom)
分析:
句中的关系代词whom代替thegirl,在从句中作介词to的宾语,但是由于介词to已提到了关系代词的前面,who和whom就绝不可以通用了,所以如果还继续使用who句子就错了。
此处只能用whom。
That和who区别
●who&that:
who和that指代人时,有些情况宜用who,而不宜用that
①先行词为anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people时.如:
1.ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkswell.
2.Anyonewho(=Whoever)failedtocometothemeetingyesterdaymustgivehisreason.
3.Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeatonce
4.Idon'tliketheones(=those)whotalkbig.
5.Personswhoarequarrelsomearedespised.
②在Therebe结构中,修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人.如:
1.Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.
2.Thereareseveralstudentsinourclasswhoarestillnotsureabouttheuseofattributiveclauses.
③当先行词有较长的后置定语时.如:
1.ImetaforeignerintheparkyesterdayafternoonwhocouldspeakChineseverywell.
④一个句子中带有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个则宜用who,以免重复.如:
1.Thestudentthatwaspraisedatyesterday'smeetingisthemonitorwhoisverymodestandworksveryhard.
●whose
whose:
是who的所有格形式,用作名词的限定语,可指人也可指物,在从句中作定语或者是动词介词的宾语,Whose常表达"某人的、某物的"之意。
Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(指人)
I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.(指物)
=I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.
=I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.
ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhosemouthteaissupposedtocome
●注意:
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.(介词前置,必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。
关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末.)
Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.
=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.
●as的用法:
(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)
①如为限制性的,多用于thesame…as;thesameas;such…as…;asmany/muchas;so…as等结构中。
如:
※Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。
Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表语,先行词是same.)
②如为非限制性的,多单独引导一个定语从句,这种定语从句可置于句首,句中或句尾,译为"正如,这一点"。
(动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.)
Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作宾语)
=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作主语)
=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.
●as&which:
as&which引导非限制性定语从句的区别:
①位置的不同:
which引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后;as位置较灵活,也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面;插在句子中或放在句子后。
如:
1.Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.
2.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.或Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.
或Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.
②先行词的不同:
as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;
which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词,一个短语或一个句子。
Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(先行词是一个词)
Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.
Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.(先行词是一个句子)
Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.
Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent.
③as一般译为"正如""就像","这一点"
asweallknow;asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.
Ⅲ.关系副词引导的定语从句:
在定语从句,关系副词=介词+which。
也就是说,每个关系副词里本身就已经含有了一个介词:
when=在什么时候,where=在什么地方,why=为什么原因,等。
至于在英文中用哪个具体的介词,就得依具体情况而定了。
●When指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
其先行词是表时间的名词(如:
time,day,week,tear,month,etc.)
HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.
Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.
Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.(作状语)
I’llneverforgetthetimewhen(=duringwhich)weworkedonthefarm.
●Where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
其先行词是表示地点的名词,如:
place,school,factory,room,etc.
ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.
Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.
Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.(作状语)
Irecentlywenttothetownwhere(=inwhich)Iwasborn.
●Why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
先行词为reason时,可用forwhich指代;但是当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that引导。
Thereasonwhy(=forwhich)shewaslatewasthatshemissedhertrain.(状语)
Idon'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.(作宾语)
Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?
(作主语)
●当先行词为way时,定语从句常用that,inwhich,或how引导,that常可以省略。
way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。
但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语
时,则用which或that引导。
如:
Thisistheway(that)/inwhichIdosuchthings.
比较:
Pleasedotheexperimentintheway(that/which)Ihaveshownyou.
Ⅳ.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:
1.形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。
2.语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that.
3.语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。
ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。
Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandh