高考阅读猜词训练.docx

高考阅读猜词训练.docx

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高考阅读猜词训练

高考阅读猜词训练

猜测语义题是近年的高考阅读理解中比较常见的题型，通常在一套试题中有二至三个小题是直接考查语义猜测的.这种题主要考查考生根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力,突出考查大家对语境的分析和把握能力。

如果考生具备了一定的猜词能力，那么对于降低生词率，排除阅读理解中某些生词的干扰和最终提高阅读理解速度和阅读能力都有极大帮助。

因此，今天我们来谈一谈如何猜测语义的方法。

常见的设问方式：

1.      Theunderlinedword“…”probablymeans____.

2.      Theword“…”usedinparagraph“…”refersto/suggests____.

3.      Thephrase“…”inthesentencecanbereplacedby____.

4.      Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtotheword“…”?

5.      Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordinparagraph“…”?

6.      Bysaying“…”,wemean_____.7.      Whatdoyouthinkoftheexpression“…”standsfor?

8.      Themeaningofword“…”inthepassageisrelatedto_____.

猜词规律探寻：

一．过定义或解释推测语义  有些概念性生词出现后，作者会给出它的定义、同位语、修饰性从句或是定语。

这些修饰成分可以帮助我们推断出生词的语义。

（1）      定义句的谓语动词在文中多为：

be,mean,dealwith,beconsideredtobe,referto,becalled,beknownas,define（下定义）,represent,signify（表示，表明）,constitute（指。

。

）等。

（2）      解释则常用asyouknow,tobecalled,tomean,toreferto,thatis（tosay）,inotherwords,namely等词语以及同位语和定语从句来提示下文将前面的信息加以重复或解释。

（3）      有时作者会用复述的形式来解释语义，而复述部分可以是词、短语或从句。

（4）      还有下一些标点符号，如冒号、破折号、括号等都表示后文要继续解释说明前文。

eg.1.Thepowerfulpoisonwasimperceptiblewhenmixedinliquid,thatis,itcouldnotbetasted,seen,orsmelled.

  2.TheGreekmarriagewasmonogamous-----menandwomenwereallowedonlyonespouse（配偶）atatime.

Exercises:

1.      Pantomimereferstoashortplayinwhichnowordsarespoken.2.      Anthropologyisthescientificstudyofman.

3.      Wewillmeetyouinthefoyer,theentrancehallofthetheatre.

4.      Hebegantoshavehiswhiskers,whichhadgrownthickonbothcheeks5.      Somecomputerscientistsaredevelopingartificial-intelligencemachinesthattheysaywillthinklikepeople.

Test1ThereisnocureforAlzheimer’s.ButadrugcalledARICEPThasbeenusedbymillionsofpeopletohelptheirsymptoms（症状）.（NMET2004湖北卷B篇）

61.WhatisARICEPT？

A、AmedicinetocureAlzheimer’s

B、Amedicinetodelaysignsofaging.

C、AmedicinetoreducethesymptomsofAlzheimer’s.

D、Amedicinetocurebraindamage.

Test2 HereisThePines,whosecookhasdevelopedaspecialwayofmixingforeignfoodsuchascaribou,wildboarandreindeerwithsurprisingsauces.（2004福建卷E篇）

（1）Accordingtothepassage,ThePinesisa______.

A.     placeinwhichyoucanseemanymobilehomes

B.     mountainwhereyoucangetagoodviewofthevalley

C.     townwhichhappenstobeneartheBanffNationalPark

D.    restaurantwhereyoucanaskforsomespecialkindsoffood

二．利用例证猜测语义某些阅读文章为了证实或说明某一观点，常会举一些例子，而且时时会用一些标志性语言或标点符号来引出，如：

括号、破折号、冒号等或诸如forexample,forinstance,suchas,andsoon,justas,like,similarity等连接词或词组。

eg.1.Youmayborrowfromthelibraryanyperiodicals:

Nature,NewsWeek,TimesandThelistener.

  2.Someartistsplantheirpaintingsaroundgeometricformslikesquares,circlesandtriangles.

Exercises:

1.Finallytheenemysurrendered.Theythrewdowntheirweaponsandwalkedoutofthehomewiththeirhandsovertheirheads.

2.Applyanantiseptic,suchasalcohol,ontheskin.

3.InthecornertheremaybeaChristmastreewithitsbranchesdecoratedwithshiningornamentssuchascoloredlightsandglassballs,andsometimeshungwithgifts.

TestThelargestplayer–ShanghaiBashiTourismCarRentaloffersawidevarietyofchoices–---deluxesedans，minivans，stationwagons，coaches，Santanasedansarethebigfavorite.（NMET2001全国A篇）

56Thewords“deluxesedans”，“minivans”and“stationwagons”usedinthetextrefersto_______.

A、carsinthemakingB、carrentalfirmsC、carsforrentD、carmakers

三．利用反义关系或同义关系推测语义

（1）      利用反义关系推测语义   有些生词的后面往往会出现一个或几个反义词，或者表转折意义的连词，词组等，抓住这些可以帮助我们推断生词语义。

标志词有although,but,however,whereas（反之）,nevertheless（然而，不过），onthecontrary,incontrast（相对）,ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,foronething,foranother,instead（of）,ratherthan等。

（2）      利用同义关系推测语义通常情况下，英语忌讳实词重复。

避免重复的方法之一是利用同义词或近义词加以代替。

同义词替换的修饰方法可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。

标志词有：

or,like,similarly等。

eg.1.104studies,involving15,000peopleisprovingthatoptimism（乐观主义）canhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.Pessimismleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression,lonelinessandpainfulshyness.  

2.Mr.Smithlovestotalk,andhiswifeissimilarlyloquacious.

Exercises:

1. ThoughTom’sfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean,hisneckremainsgrubby.2.      UnliketheUnitedStates,wheremanydifferentnationalitiesmakeupthepopulation,Japan’spopulationisquitehomogeneous.

3.      Writtenlanguagetendstobestatic,whilespokenlanguageconstantlychanges.

4.      Herepliedquickly.Butafterheconsideredtheproblemmorecarefully,heregrettedhavingmadesuchahastydecision.

5.      Althoughpeopleinmanycountriesconsiderrawmeatadelicacy（美味），weChinesepeopleseldomeatanymeatthatisuncooked.

Test1Thegunnersliketodescribewhattheydoascharacter-building,butweknewthattowoundananimalandwatchitgothroughtheagonyofdyingcanmakenobodyhappy.（2004江苏卷E篇）

（1）      Theunderlinedword“agony”inthelastparagraphprobablymeans_____

A.form       B.condition      C.pain      D.sadness

Test2Thehot-airballoontookoff.Itwasbuoyantintheairasacork（软木塞）inwater.

（2）      Theword“buoyant”inthissentencemostprobablymeans______.

A.abletobeused                B.abletomovefromoneplacetoanotherC.abletofloatorrisetothesurface  D.abletocarryanything

四．用语境猜测语义

（1）利用“小”上下文推测词义，即利用生词附近的内容推断生词词义。

如：

Iamaresoluteman.OnceIsetupagoal,Iwon’tgiveupeasily.

（2）利用“大”上下文推测词义，即利用距离生词较远的内容，如整个段落、篇章等来推断生词词义。

 eg. Zipwasstoppedduringthewarandonlyafterthewardiditbecomepopular.Whatadifferenceithasmadetoourlives!

Itkeepspeopleathomemuchmore.Ithasmadetheremotepartsoftheworldmorerealtous.Photographsshowacountry,butonlyzipmakesfeelthataforeigncountryisreal.Alsowecanseescenesinthestreet.Bigoccasionsarezipped,suchasthecoronation（加冕典礼）in1953andtheopeningofParliament.Perhapsthesufferersfromziparethenotablepeople,who,astheystepoutofanairplane,havetofacethebatteryofzipcamerasandknowthateverymovement,everygesturewillbeseenbya“zippersonality”.PerhapswecansympathizewhenMembersofParliamentsaythattheydonotwantdebatestobezipped.

Exercises:

1.      WhenIgottothetheatre,Iwasrelievedtoseethatnobodywaswaitinginline.IwasthefirsttogetthereandsurethatIcouldgettheticketwithoutanyproblem.

 Question:

Theunderlinedword“relieved”inthepassagemaybestbereplaceby_____.

      A.surprised    B.pleased     C.produced      D.sold

2.      Appletreesmaynotgrowastallastwelvemetres.Theydobestinareasthathaveverycoldwinters.Althoughnofruitisyieldedduringthewinter,thiscoldperiodisgoodforthetree.

 Question:

Theunderlinedword“yielded”inthelastsentencemeans_____.

A.improved     B.increased      C.produced    D.sold

Test

Thesedaysagreenbuildingmeansmorethanjustthecolorofthepaint.Greenbuildingcanalsorefertoenvironmentallyfriendlyhouses,factories,andoffices.

Greenbuildingmeans,“reducingtheimpactofthebuildingontheland”,TarynHolowkaoftheU.S.GreenbuildingcouncilinWashington,D.C.said.

61.Inthesecondparagraph,theunderlinedphrase“thebuilding”mostprobablyrefersto___.

     A.anordinarybuilding          B.anenergy-savingbuilding  

C.agreen-coloredbuilding       D.abuildinginWashington,D.C.

五．利用构词法猜测语义

掌握前后缀规律，如un-,im-,in-,dis-,il-等前缀与-less等后缀可构成反义词；后缀-ful,-ly,-ism,-ness等可改换词性。

而合成词要在正确理解两词的基础上，结合上下文把握两词之间的关系，猜测词义；而对词义的转化，也要求结合上下文来猜测。

eg.1.Carrentalsarebecomingmoreandmorepopularasaninexpensivewayoftakingtotheroad

2.“Evenwhenamanissaidtobeabestfriend,”Rubinwrites“thetwosharelittleabouttheirinnermostfeelings…”

3.Impressionismisaformofartwhichbeganinthe1870s.Whenyoulookcloselyatanimpressionistpainting,youseelittledotsofdifferentcoloredpaints.Whenyoumoveawayfromthepicture,thedotsofcolorsblendsandthepaintinglooklikeithaslightplayingonthepeopleandobjectsinthepicture.

TestWithoutexaminations,employerswilllookforemployeesfromthehighlyrespectedschoolsandfromfamiliesknowntothem?

Aformoffavoritismwillreplaceequality.（2004上海试C篇）

（3）Theword“favoritism”inparagraph3isusedtodescribethephenomenonthat_____.

A.     brightchildrenalsoneedcertificationtogetsatisfyingjobs

B.     childrenfromwell-respectedschoolstendtohavegoodjobs

C.     poorchildrenwithcertificationarefavoredinjobmarkets

D.    childrenattendingordinaryschoolsachievegreatsuccess

六．因果关系猜测词义常见的因果信号词有：

asaresult,for,thus,because,forthisreason,so,since,consequently,sothat,so/such…that等。

eg. Shewantedthehairdressertotrimherhairabitbecauseitwastolong.

Exercises:

1.Theriverissoturbidthatitisimpossibletoseethebottomevenwhenitisshallow.

2.Hedidn’thearmyknockingatthedoorbecausehewascompletelyengrossedinTV.

3.Itrained,sothefootballmatchwaspostponed.

4.Theyoungmanwassobashfulthathedidn’tspeaktotheprettygirl.

七.利用文化背景、生活常识猜测词义运用逻辑推理能力，结合社会文化背景和自身的生活经验以及生活常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，可以下正确猜出语义。

eg.1.Birdsflywiththeirwings,andtheypickuptheirfoodsandtheneatthemwiththeirbeaksandtheyusetheirclawsfortearing,seizing,pullingorholdingobjects.

2.Mostoftherosesarebeginningtowitherbecauseofthecoldweather.

Exercises:

1.Thedrivertriedtoaverttheaccidentbybringingtheca