考研英语基础班讲义 语法长难句详解.docx
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考研英语基础班讲义语法长难句详解
2015考研英语基础班讲义
(语法长难句部分)
主讲:
吴耀武
共同探讨英语人生
量身定做学习计划
紧紧把握考试脉搏
传授英语应试策略
奠定良好心理基础
培养进取人生态度
2013年10月
主讲教师简介
吴耀武:
著名英语教学与测试专家;西安外国语大学国际学院原院长,现国际合作与交流处处长;多次参加国家、省、市命题和阅卷工作。
先后在西安外国语大学(XISU)、香港岭南大学(HKLU)、上海外国语大学(SHISU)、美国洪堡州立大学(HSU)、美国北亚历桑那大学(NAU)学习、工作和访问过,先后出访美国、英国、法国、西班牙、比利时、韩国、泰国、香港等国家地区20余所国外合作院校。
现已出版考研英语、大学英语四六级、英语专业四八级和高考英语系列丛书等40余部,逾1000万字。
于2000年起在全国高校和各地中学作关于考研英语、雅思(IELTS)、高考英语等巡回讲座,在各地均引起巨大轰动,讲座场场爆满。
并受到新浪、搜狐、中国考试网、都市快报、西安零距离、华商报、西安晚报、三秦都市报等多家媒体的关注和专访。
他在英语培训领域提出了自己独特的教学理念
——努力改进学习方法、量身定做学习计划;
——紧紧把握考试脉搏,传授英语应试策略;
——奠定良好心理基础,培养进取人生态度。
这一理念在课堂上得以贯彻并为广大学员所认可。
现在吴老师每年在北京、上海、西安、武汉、南京、成都、重庆、沈阳、石家庄、天津、乌鲁木齐等20多所中心城市主讲考研英语、大学英语四六级和高考英语,经他直接培训的学员已逾200万人,听众更是不计其数。
学员对他的评价是:
―――感情真挚,敬业专注;
―――才思敏捷,经典幽默;
―――传授知识如春风化雨,润物无声;
―――谈应试技巧如数家珍,挥洒自如;
―――他的语言总是富有人生哲理,他的课堂永远充满着欢笑从容;他传播的不仅仅是英语知识,更是一种人生感悟!
考研英语长难句解析
一、考研英语长难句之定语从句
一、定语从句
定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型,它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。
在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。
对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。
此外,定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系,说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。
例1.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementofthenewageandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.(1996年真题)
例2.TheAmericaneconomicsystemis,organizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.
例3.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.
例4.Thegovernmentpromisedtogivepreferentialtaxationpoliciesandloansoflowinterestratetothoseenterprisesthatcouldimprovetheirstructureofproductionandwerewillingtotakeinover50laid-offworkersyearly.
例5.Thelocalgovernmentintroducedthesnakesintothisareahopingthattheywouldcontrolthenumberofmice,whichfinallybecamethethreatneededtobecontrolled.
例6.Theenvironmentalprotectionshouldbegivenprioritywhichmeanstheeconomicdevelopmentwouldbeloweredtosomeextentinadevelopingcountry.
例7.Shewasconfirmedtobeinfectedwithbirdfluthatcallsforaquarantineandmedicalobservationforweeksinthehospital.
例8.InEurope,aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.(2005年真题)
二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句
例1.TheaudienceleranedformtheinternetthenewsthataseriousexplosionbrokeoutinXi’anafewdaysago.
例2.Therumorthatsheelopedwithherboyfriendjustcannotholdwater,forIsawherathomejustnow.
例3.However,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.(2009年第3篇)
三、考研英语长难句之倒装句
倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段,用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。
英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构,倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。
倒装有两种。
将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(completeinversion)。
如Thenbeganabitterwarbetweenthetwocountries.于是两国之间开始了恶战。
只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(partialinversion)。
如Atnotimewastheentranceleftunguarded.入口无时无人把守。
英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。
前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误,后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。
例1Amongtheadvantagesthatfuturebiochips,or“livingcomputers”,wouldhaveoverconventionalsemiconductorchipsarethattheyaresmaller,theydonotgenerateasmuchheat,andtheyallowfortheparallelprocessingofinformation,makingthemfasterthantoday’ssemiconductordevices.
例2Thisistheworldoutofwhichgrowsthehope,forthefirsttimeinhistory,ofasocietywheretherewillbefreedomfromwantandfreedomfromfear.
注意:
调整语序,加强语气。
以Therebe引出的倒装句
a.Thereseemtobemanygoodcandidatesinthedistrict.
b.Thereexistmanyproblemsamongthepresentdaystudents.
c.Thereappearstobeamaninblackinthedistance.
以副词here,there,then,now,next引出的倒装句
a.Herecometherestoftheparty.
b.Nowcomesyourturn.
c.Thenfollowedthediscoveryofanewcompound.
d.NextcameEdwardwithhiswife.
以表地点的介词短语引出的倒装句
a.Attheschoolgatestoodaguard.
b.Underthetreearesittingsomestudents.
c.Onthebedlayaprettykitten.
主语为代词时,不用倒装
Behindthecounterhestood.
Behindthecounterstoodamanwithglasses.
以表方位的副词引出的倒装句
a.Upwentthearrowintotheair.
b.Downfelladozenapples.
c.Offwentthehorse.
not短语置于句首
a.Notuntilhewentabroaddidheknowthetruthofthefact.
b.Notamomentdidshewasteoncampus.
c.NotonlydidIknowher,butIwasherbestfriend.
d.Notsimpleisthisbookinteresting,butalsoinstructive.
no短语置于句首
a.Bynomeansshouldhebeleftalone.
b.Innowayarecanweallowthistocontinue.
c.Innocaseareyoutoleaveyourpost.
d.Onnoaccountshouldwefollowblindly.
e.Undernocircumstancescanwecreateordestroyenergy.
f.Nolongeraretheystayingwithus.
g.Nosoonerhadshefinishedthepoemthanthestudentsbegangoaskherquestions.
only置于句首
a.Onlybythismeansisitpossibletoexplainhisfailuretoactdecisively.
b.Onlyaftermakinginvestigationcanwehavetherighttospeak.
c.Onlywhenonelosesfreedomdoesoneknowitsvalue.
比较状语从句中的倒装
a.HeranasfastasdidthepersonwhocamefromEngland.
b.Ispendlessthandonineoutoftenpeopleinmyposition.
c.Thegreaterthenumberofthefreeelectronsinamaterial,thebetteristheconductivityofthematerial.
让步状语从句中的倒装
a.Smallasatoms,electronsarestillsmaller.
b.Complexasitmayappear,therocket,whichwasinventedinChinaover800yearsago,isarelativelysimpledevice.
c.HardasItriedtoexplainittohim,hestilldidn’tunderstand.
d.MuchasIdisagreewithyou,Iyetrespectyou.
e.Vaguethoughitscategory(is),itiswithoutdoubtanessay.
f.Tryashewould,hecouldnotlifttherock.
四、考研英语长难句之被动语态
1.变为汉语的主动形式
e.g.Inhisattitudecanbefoundseedsforartinthe20thcentury:
theartoftheprimitive,ofsymbol,andofimagination.
e.g.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:
itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetestedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.
e.g.Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.
e.g.Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.
2.被动结构的表语化,可译为:
“是…的”,“由…的”等。
e.g.ThemovementtoopposeracialdiscriminationwaspersonallyinitiatedandledbyafamousNegroleader.
e.g.ThispicturewastakenbymybrotherashewenttoYunnan.
3.译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。
e.g.Forallthehelpthiscomputermayprovide,itshouldnotbeseenasasubstituteforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.
e.g.Itshouldbemadecleartoentirecitizensthatwhoeverenjoysrightsmustundertakecorrespondingobligations.
e.g.Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.
e.g.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.
4.增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。
e.g.Withthenewtechnique,measurementwasclaimedtobemuchmoreprecise.
e.g.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.
e.g.Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.
综合例题:
Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.(2007年真题)
五、考研英语长难句之形式主语(宾语)结构
1.Itis+adjective/noun+clause
注意:
先翻从句部分,再翻形容词/名词部分。
a.Soitisquitesadwhendivorcescomewithsmallprovocations,whenparentsandchildrengiveupononeanother,whenfriendshipsfalteratthefirstinjury,forthusweforfeitagreatworkofart——thelonglove.
b.ItisthusnoexaggerationthatAmericanshavetakentomechanicalcoolingavidlyandgreedily.
c.Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultoflabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillions.
2.Itis+adjective+infinitiveto
注意:
先翻不定式部分,再翻形容词部分。
a.Itisextremelywastefultogiveyearsoftrainingatpublicexpenseonlytohavethequalifiedteacherornursemarryafterayearoftwoandbelostforevertoherprofession.
b.Itisessentialformodernmentomasteroneortwoforeignlanguages.
c.Itisdifficultforustoover-praisethebook.
3.Itis+pastparticiple+that-clause
注意:
先翻过去分词部分,再翻从句部分。
a.ItisreportedthatSadamHusseinwasbetrayedbyhisjanissary.
b.Itissaidthat
c.Itisbelievedthat
d.Itisrumoredthat
e.Itisestimatedthat
f.Itisknownthat
g.Itisarguedthat
六、考研英语长难句之强调句型
例1.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmen