民间艺术英文资料全.docx

民间艺术英文资料全.docx

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民间艺术英文资料全

Cloisonné

Briefintroduction

Cloisonnéisanancienttechniquefordecoratingmetalworkobjects,inrecentcenturiesusingvitreousenamel,andinolderperiodsalsoinlaysofcutgemstones,glass,andothermaterials.Theresultingobjectscanalsobecalledcloisonné.Thedecorationisformedbyfirstaddingcompartments（cloisonsinFrench）tothemetalobjectbysolderingoraffixingsilverorgoldwiresorthinstripsplacedontheiredges.Theseremainvisibleinthefinishedpiece,separatingthedifferentcompartmentsoftheenamelorinlays,whichareoftenofseveralcolors.Cloisonnéenamelobjectsareworkedonwithenamelpowdermadeintoapaste,whichthenneedstobefiredinakiln.

Development

Thetechniquewasinancienttimesmostlyusedforjewelleryandsmallfittingsforclothes,weaponsorsimilarsmallobjectsdecoratedwithgeometricorschematicdesigns,withthickcloisonwalls.IntheByzantineEmpiretechniquesusingthinnerwiresweredevelopedtoallowmorepictorialimagestobeproduced,mostlyusedforreligiousimagesandjewellery,andbythenalwaysusingenamel.Bythe14thcenturythisenameltechniquehadspreadtoChina,whereitwassoonusedformuchlargervesselssuchasbowlsandvases;thetechniqueremainscommoninChinatothepresentday,andcloisonnéenamelobjectsusingChinese-derivedstyleswereproducedintheWestfromthe18thcentury.

Examples

Enamel

The8th-centuryIrishArdaghChalice

TheAlfredJewel,a9th-centuryAnglo-Saxonornament

TheKhakhulitriptych,alargegoldaltarpiecewithover100GeorgianandByzantineplaques,datingfromthe8thto12thcenturies,saidtobethelargestenamelledworkofartintheworld.

theeyesofthe10thcenturyGoldenMadonnaofEssen

The12thcenturyMosanStavelotTriptych,combiningcloisonnéandchamplevéwork.

Gemsandglass

ThePectoralofTutankhamun,（image）,andseveralothers.

The5thcenturygravegoodsofChildericI,lastpagankingoftheFranks,diedc.481

The5th-centuryGermanicTreasureofPouan

The6th-centuryMerovingianTreasureofGourdon

Pictures

MingDynastycloisonnéenamelbowl,usingninecolorsofenamel.

Chinesecloisonnéenamelincenseburner,17th-18thcenturies

Addingfritwithdropperaftersinteringcloisons.Uponcompletionthepiecewillbefired,thenground（repeatingasnecessary）thenpolishedandelectroplated

NewYearpictures

Briefintroduction

ANewYearPictureisapopularBanhuainChina.ItisaformofChinesecoloredwoodblockprint,fordecorationduringtheChineseNewYearHoliday,thenlaterusedtodepictcurrentevents.

Development

ItsoriginalformwasapictureofadoorgodfashionedduringtheTangdynasty.Later,moresubjects,suchasfairs,theKitchenGod,womenandbabieswereincluded.Customarily,aseachChineseNewYeararrives,everyfamilyreplacesitsNewYearpictureinorderto"saygoodbyetothePastandwelcometheFuture".

Inthe19thcenturyNianhuaweremass-producedanddisplayedforthosewhocouldnotread.TheyoftendepictedtheChinesepointofviewofevents.

Thescenessometimeswereusedtocreatepatrioticsentiment.ManyNianhuawereproducedduringtheBoxerRebelliondepictingtheMuslimKansuBraveforcesofGeneralDongFuxiang,showingthemasvictoriousovertheEightNationAllianceofthewesternpowersandJapan.

Astimeschanged,people,especiallythoseincities,wereinfluencedbymodernartstoseeNewYearPicturesastraditionalandstaid.Moreover,peopleconsideredthedoorgodwastoomenacingtohangintheirhomes.Theywantedsomethingmoreartistic.Atthemiddleofthe1980s,thesalesamountofNewYearPicturesinMianzhuwasaroundfivehundredthousand.However,thenumberdroppedsharplysincetheearly1990s.

ProductionMethod

Productionmethod:

handdrawspictures,woodprinting,watermarkstrapping,Half-drawingandhalf-painting,lithography,offsetprintingandsoon.

Usually,ChromaticwoodblockNewYearpictureshavefoursteps:

Firstly,artistdrawroughsketchonthepaper

Secondly,carvingtheroughsketchonthewoodboardandprintfewsample

Thirdly,addcoloronthesampleandcarvingcouplecolormemeforeachpartofcoloronthesample.（Usuallynomorethan5color）

Finally,whenthepreparationiscomplete.Theprinterpaintcoloronthecolorboardbeforecarved,thenputpaperonthewoodboardandusebrushtoflatbrushthepaper.ThentheChromaticwoodblockNewYearpictureiscomplete.

Theme

NewYearpicture'scontentcanhavemanythingsandthatismorethan2000different.ButroughlytheNewYearpictureshavefourmainmemes.

1.Thegodsandmascot

2.Thesecularlife

3.Thebabyandbeauty

4.Thestoryandmyth

Pictures

NewYearpictureofQingDynasty

Chang'eFlyingtotheMoon.WuShaoyun.1950.

Papercutting

Briefintroduction

Papercuttingistheartofcuttingpaperdesigns.Thearthasevolveduniquelyallovertheworldtoadapttodifferentculturalstyles.

Development

Theoldestsurvivingpapercutoutisasymmetricalcirclefromthe6thcenturySixDynastiesperiodfoundinXinjiangChina.PapercuttingcontinuedtobepracticedduringtheSongandTangDynastiesasapopularformofdecorativeart.

BytheeighthorninthcenturypapercuttingappearedinWestAsiaandinTurkeyinthe16thcentury.Withinacentury,papercuttingwasbeingdoneinmostofmiddleEurope.

Today,papercuttingsarechieflydecorative.Theylivenupwalls,windows,doors,columns,mirrors,lampsandlanternsinhomesandarealsousedonpresentsoraregivenasgiftsthemselves.Papercut-outspastedonornearentrancesaresupposedtobringgoodluck.

Classification

Paper-cuttingisoneoftheoldestandthemostpopularfolkartsinChina.Itcanbegeographicallydividedintoasouthernandanorthernstyle.Thesouthernstyle,representedbyworksfromYangzhouinJiangsuProvinceandLeqinginZhejiangProvince,featuresingeniousandbeautifuldesigns,exquisitecarvingandinterestingshapes.Thenorthernstyle,mainlyfromYuxianandFengninginHebeiProvinceandbestrepresentedbyworksfromnorthernShaanxi,featuresexaggeratedshapes,vigorousness,vividdepictionsanddiversepatterns.

Thestyleofwindowpaper-cutsisusuallyfree,excepttheflowerpatternonthecorner.Thethemeofwindowpaper-cutshasawiderange,themostpopularofwhichisbasedonthestoriesoftraditionalChineseopera.

Pictures

ASymmetricalcut

Chinesepapercuttingsinashop.

APapercut"windowflower"duringChineseNewYear

Embroidery

Briefintroduction

Embroideryisthehandicraftofdecoratingfabricorothermaterialswithneedleandthreadoryarn.Embroiderymayalsoincorporateothermaterialssuchasmetalstrips,pearls,beads,quills,andsequins.Today,embroideryismostoftenseenoncaps,hats,coats,blankets,dressshirts,denim,stockings,andgolfshirts.Embroideryisavailablewithawidevarietyofthreadoryarncolor.

Origin

Theprocessusedtotailor,patch,mendandreinforceclothfosteredthedevelopmentofsewingtechniques,andthedecorativepossibilitiesofsewingledtotheartofembroidery.

Theartofembroideryhasbeenfoundworldwideandseveralearlyexampleshavebeenfound.WorksinChinahavebeendatedtotheWarringStatesperiod（5th–3rdcenturyBC）.InagarmentfromMigrationperiodSweden,roughly300–700AD,theedgesofbandsoftrimmingarereinforcedwithrunningstitch,backstitch,stemstitch,tailor'sbuttonholestitch,andwhipstitching,butitisuncertainwhetherthisworksimplyreinforcedtheseamsorshouldbeinterpretedasdecorativeembroidery.

Materials

Thefabricsandyarnsusedintraditionalembroideryvaryfromplacetoplace.Wool,linen,andsilkhavebeeninuseforthousandsofyearsforbothfabricandyarn.Today,embroiderythreadismanufacturedincotton,rayon,andnoveltyyarnsaswellasintraditionalwool,linen,andsilk.Ribbonembroideryusesnarrowribboninsilkorsilk/organzablendribbon,mostcommonlytocreatefloralmotifs.

Machine

Contemporaryembroideryisstitchedwithacomputerizedembroiderymachineusingpatternsdigitizedwithembroiderysoftware.Inmachineembroidery,differenttypesof"fills"addtextureanddesigntothefinishedwork.Machineembroideryisusedtoaddlogosandmonogramstobusinessshirtsorjackets,gifts,andteamapparelaswellastodecoratehouseholdlinens,draperies,anddecoratorfabricsthatmimictheelaboratehandembroideryofthepast.

Therehasalsobeenadevelopmentinfreehandmachineembroidery,newmachineshavebeendesignedthatallowfortheusertocreatefree-motionembroiderywhichhasitsplaceintextilearts,quilting,dressmaking,homefurnishingsandmore.

Pictures

TraditionalembroideryinchainstitchonaKazakhrug,contemporary.

Detailofembroideredsilkgauzeritualgarment.Rowsofeven,roundchainstitchusedforoutlineandcolor.4thcenturyBC,ZhoutombatMashan,Hubei,China.

Commercialmachineembroideryinchainstitchonavoilecurtain,China,early21stcentury.

Shadowplay

Briefintroduction

Shadowplaywhichisalsoknownasshadowpuppetryisanancientformofstorytellingandentertainmentwhichusesflatarticulatedfigures（shadowpuppets）tocreatecut-outfigureswhichareheldbetweenasourceoflightandatranslucentscreenorscrim.Thecut-outshapesofthepuppetssometimesincludetranslucentcolororothertypesofdetailing.Variouseffectscanbeachievedbymovingboththepuppetsandthelightsource.Atalentedpuppeteercanmakethefiguresappeartowalk,dance,fight,nodandlaugh.

Development

LegendhasitthatChineseshadowpuppetryoriginatedduringtheHanDynasty（206B.C.–220A.D.）whenoneoftheconcubinesofEmperorWuofHandiedfromanil