民间艺术英文资料全.docx

1、民间艺术英文资料全CloisonnBrief introductionCloisonn is an ancient technique for decorating metalwork objects, in recent centuries using vitreous enamel, and in older periods also inlays of cut gemstones, glass, and other materials. The resulting objects can also be called cloisonn. The decoration is formed

2、by first adding compartments (cloisons in French) to the metal object by soldering or affixing silver or gold wires or thin strips placed on their edges. These remain visible in the finished piece, separating the different compartments of the enamel or inlays, which are often of several colors. Cloi

3、sonn enamel objects are worked on with enamel powder made into a paste, which then needs to be fired in a kiln.DevelopmentThe technique was in ancient times mostly used for jewellery and small fittings for clothes, weapons or similar small objects decorated with geometric or schematic designs, with

4、thick cloison walls. In the Byzantine Empire techniques using thinner wires were developed to allow more pictorial images to be produced, mostly used for religious images and jewellery, and by then always using enamel. By the 14th century this enamel technique had spread to China, where it was soon

5、used for much larger vessels such as bowls and vases; the technique remains common in China to the present day, and cloisonn enamel objects using Chinese-derived styles were produced in the West from the 18th century.ExamplesEnamel The 8th-century Irish Ardagh Chalice The Alfred Jewel, a 9th-century

6、 Anglo-Saxon ornament The Khakhuli triptych, a large gold altarpiece with over 100 Georgian and Byzantine plaques, dating from the 8th to 12th centuries, said to be the largest enamelled work of art in the world. the eyes of the 10th century Golden Madonna of Essen The 12th century Mosan Stavelot Tr

7、iptych, combining cloisonn and champlev work.Gems and glass The Pectoral of Tutankhamun, (image), and several others. The 5th century grave goods of Childeric I, last pagan king of the Franks, died c. 481 The 5th-century Germanic Treasure of PouanThe 6th-century Merovingian Treasure of GourdonPictur

8、esMing Dynasty cloisonn enamel bowl, using nine colors of enamel.Chinese cloisonn enamel incense burner, 17th-18th centuriesAdding frit with dropper after sintering cloisons. Upon completion the piece will be fired, then ground (repeating as necessary) then polished and electroplatedNew Year picture

9、sBrief introductionA New Year Picture is a popular Banhua in China. It is a form of Chinese colored woodblock print, for decoration during the Chinese New Year Holiday, then later used to depict current events.DevelopmentIts original form was a picture of a door god fashioned during the Tang dynasty

10、. Later, more subjects, such as fairs, the Kitchen God, women and babies were included. Customarily, as each Chinese New Year arrives, every family replaces its New Year picture in order to say goodbye to the Past and welcome the Future.In the 19th century Nianhua were mass-produced and displayed fo

11、r those who could not read. They often depicted the Chinese point of view of events.The scenes sometimes were used to create patriotic sentiment. Many Nianhua were produced during the Boxer Rebellion depicting the Muslim Kansu Brave forces of General Dong Fuxiang, showing them as victorious over the

12、 Eight Nation Alliance of the western powers and Japan.As times changed, people, especially those in cities, were influenced by modern arts to see New Year Pictures as traditional and staid. Moreover, people considered the door god was too menacing to hang in their homes. They wanted something more

13、artistic. At the middle of the 1980s, the sales amount of New Year Pictures in Mianzhu was around five hundred thousand. However, the number dropped sharply since the early 1990s.Production MethodProduction method: hand draws pictures, wood printing, watermarks trapping, Half-drawing and half-painti

14、ng, lithography, offset printing and so on.Usually, Chromatic woodblock New Year pictures have four steps:Firstly, artist draw rough sketch on the paperSecondly, carving the rough sketch on the wood board and print few sampleThirdly, add color on the sample and carving couple color meme for each par

15、t of color on the sample. (Usually no more than 5 color)Finally, when the preparation is complete. The printer paint color on the color board before carved, then put paper on the wood board and use brush to flat brush the paper. Then the Chromatic woodblock New Year picture is complete.ThemeNew Year

16、 pictures content can have many things and that is more than 2000 different. But roughly the New Year pictures have four main memes.1. The gods and mascot2. The secular life3. The baby and beauty4. The story and mythPicturesNew Year picture of Qing DynastyChange Flying to the Moon.Wu Shaoyun. 1950.P

17、apercuttingBrief introductionPapercutting is the art of cutting paper designs. The art has evolved uniquely all over the world to adapt to different cultural styles.DevelopmentThe oldest surviving paper cut out is a symmetrical circle from the 6th century Six Dynasties period found in Xinjiang China

18、.Papercutting continued to be practiced during the Song and Tang Dynasties as a popular form of decorative art.By the eighth or ninth century papercutting appeared in West Asia and in Turkey in the 16th century. Within a century, papercutting was being done in most of middle Europe.Today, paper cutt

19、ings are chiefly decorative. They liven up walls, windows, doors, columns, mirrors, lamps and lanterns in homes and are also used on presents or are given as gifts themselves. Paper cut-outs pasted on or near entrances are supposed to bring good luck.ClassificationPaper-cutting is one of the oldest

20、and the most popular folk arts in China. It can be geographically divided into a southern and a northern style. The southern style, represented by works from Yangzhou in Jiangsu Province and Leqing in Zhejiang Province, features ingenious and beautiful designs, exquisite carving and interesting shap

21、es. The northern style, mainly from Yuxian and Fengning in Hebei Province and best represented by works from northern Shaanxi, features exaggerated shapes, vigorousness, vivid depictions and diverse patterns.The style of window paper-cuts is usually free, except the flower pattern on the corner. The

22、 theme of window paper-cuts has a wide range, the most popular of which is based on the stories of traditional Chinese opera. PicturesA Symmetrical cutChinese paper cuttings in a shop.A Paper cut window flower during Chinese New YearEmbroideryBrief introductionEmbroidery is the handicraft of decorat

23、ing fabric or other materials with needle and thread or yarn. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. Today, embroidery is most often seen on caps, hats, coats, blankets, dress shirts, denim, stockings, and golf shirts. Embroidery is

24、available with a wide variety of thread or yarn color.OriginThe process used to tailor, patch, mend and reinforce cloth fostered the development of sewing techniques, and the decorative possibilities of sewing led to the art of embroidery.The art of embroidery has been found worldwide and several ea

25、rly examples have been found. Works in China have been dated to the Warring States period (5th3rd century BC).In a garment from Migration period Sweden, roughly 300700 AD, the edges of bands of trimming are reinforced with running stitch, back stitch, stem stitch, tailors buttonhole stitch, and whip

26、stitching, but it is uncertain whether this work simply reinforced the seams or should be interpreted as decorative embroidery.MaterialsThe fabrics and yarns used in traditional embroidery vary from place to place. Wool, linen, and silk have been in use for thousands of years for both fabric and yar

27、n. Today, embroidery thread is manufactured in cotton, rayon, and novelty yarns as well as in traditional wool, linen, and silk. Ribbon embroidery uses narrow ribbon in silk or silk/organza blend ribbon, most commonly to create floral motifs.MachineContemporary embroidery is stitched with a computer

28、ized embroidery machine using patterns digitized with embroidery software. In machine embroidery, different types of fills add texture and design to the finished work. Machine embroidery is used to add logos and monograms to business shirts or jackets, gifts, and team apparel as well as to decorate

29、household linens, draperies, and decorator fabrics that mimic the elaborate hand embroidery of the past.There has also been a development in free hand machine embroidery, new machines have been designed that allow for the user to create free-motion embroidery which has its place in textile arts, qui

30、lting, dressmaking, home furnishings and more.PicturesTraditional embroidery in chain stitch on a Kazakh rug, contemporary.Detail of embroidered silk gauze ritual garment. Rows of even, round chain stitch used for outline and color. 4th century BC, Zhou tomb at Mashan, Hubei, China.Commercial machin

31、e embroidery in chain stitch on a voile curtain, China, early 21st century.Shadow playBrief introductionShadow play which is also known as shadow puppetry is an ancient form of storytelling and entertainment which uses flat articulated figures (shadow puppets) to create cut-out figures which are hel

32、d between a source of light and a translucent screen or scrim. The cut-out shapes of the puppets sometimes include translucent color or other types of detailing. Various effects can be achieved by moving both the puppets and the light source. A talented puppeteer can make the figures appear to walk, dance, fight, nod and laugh.DevelopmentLegend has it that Chinese shadow puppetry originated during the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.220 A.D.) when one of the concubines of Emperor Wu of Han died from an il