外文翻译原文旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力罗马尼亚的案例.docx
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外文翻译原文旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力罗马尼亚的案例
外文翻译原文--旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力:
罗马尼亚的案例
外文翻译原文--旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力:
罗马尼亚
的案例
Chapter12
TheInternationalCompetitivenessofTrade
inTourismServicesEvidencefromRomania
AnaBobircaandCristianaCristureanu
121Introduction
Tourismistheonlyserviceactivitythatcanpotentiallyprovidetradingopportunities
forallnationsregardlessoftheirlevelofdevelopmentHoweveritisalsoasector
wherethereisclearlyanunevendistributionofbenetsthatislargelydependanton
countriesabilitytostrengthentheirperformanceintheglobaleconomywhichin
turnrequiresimprovingtheircompetitiveness
Sincethebeginningofthe1990sRomaniahasexperiencedmajorchanges
initstourismexportsvolumegrowthrateandstructureThesedisparateuc-
tuationshaveallinuencedtherelativecompetitivepositionofRomaniaon
theinternationaltourismmarketandhavebeenassociatedwithchangesinits
tourismtradebalanceInthesametimethenewandmoreheterogeneousEuro-
peanarchitecturehasinducedsignicantchangesin
Romaniasregionaltourism
competitiveness
Againstthisbackgroundthepaperattemptstosuggestaframeworkforassessing
theinternationalcompetitivenessofRomaniastourismservicestradebyfocusing
ontherelationshipbetweencompetitivenessandtourismtradeperformance
Tothisendtherstpartstartsbyintroducingtheconceptofinternational
competitivenessandbypresentingevaluatingandsystematizingkeyissuesofthe
complexanalysisoninternationalcompetitivenessThepapersubsequentlyconsid-
erstherelationshipbetweenexportperformanceandinternationalcompetitiveness
aswellasitsrelevanceforinternationaltourismThesecondpartincludesamacro
overviewofthetourismsectorfocusingspecicallyonitsimportancetotheecon-
omyThethirdpartofthepapersetsoutindetailtheframeworkforcalculatingthe
proposedmeasuresofcompetitivenessandshowstheimportanceofthemethod-
ologicalapproachininterpretingtheinformationprovidedbytheseindicatorsIt
alsoillustratestherecentperformanceofRomaniantourismbasedonanintegrated
ABobircaB
FacultyofInternationalBusinessandEconomicsAcademyofEconomicStudies
BucharestRomania
e-mailAnaBobircacom
áMatiasetaledsAdvancesinTourismEconomics
189
DOI101007978-3-7908-2124-6_12CPhysica-VerlagHeidelberg2009
190ABobircaandCCristureanu
measureofinternationaltradecompetitivenessThepaperconcludesbyexplaining
thecompetitivepositionofRomaniaontheEuropeantourismmarketandby
identifyingresearchissuesthatrequirefurtherstudy
122PerspectivesonInternationalCompetitiveness–The
RelationshipBetweenExportPerformance
andInternationalCompetitiveness
anditsRelevanceforInternationalTourism
Theconceptofinternationalcompetitivenessalthoughcontroversialandelusive
hasgainedacceptanceandcontinuestoattracttheattentionofbothacademicsand
policymakersworldwide
Mostmeasuresofinternationalcompetitivenessthathavesofarbeenconsidered
wereundertakenattheeconomy-widelevelGarelli2003andgenerallyrefertothe
abilityofacountrytoproducegoodsandservicesthatmeetthetestofinternational
marketswhilesimultaneouslymaintainingandexpandingtherealincomeofits
citizensEuropeanCommission2007
Becausecompetitivenessultimatelydependsuponrmsinacountrycompeting
successfullyonthedomesticandinternationalmarketsattentionhasfocusedon
competitivenessatthermlevelPorter1990whereitisgenerallyunderstoodto
refertotheabilityofthermtoretainandbetterstillenlargeitsglobalmarket
shareincreaseitsprotsandexpandClarkandGuy1998OECD1993
Accordingtotraditionaleconomictheoryarmcangaincompetitiveadvan-
tagethroughcomparativecostofproductionbyforexamplereducinglaborcost
Howeverrecentresearchsuggeststhatnon-pricefactorsareequallyimportantdeter-
minantsofcompetitivenessTherangeofnon-pricefactorsisdiverseandincludes
humanresourceendowmentsuchasskillstechnicalfactorssuchasresearchand
developmentcapabilitiesandtheabilitytoinnovatemanagerialandorganizational
factorsbothinternaltothermandexternallyorganized
throughrelationships
withotherbodiescustomerssupplierspublicandprivateresearchinstitutesand
otherrmsClarkandGuy1998Fagerberg1986Togetherthesefactorsdeter-
minetheabilityofthermtocompetesuccessfullyininternationalmarketsonthe
backgroundofchangingtechnologicaleconomicandsocialenvironmentsExport
performanceandtheabilityofthermtomaintainitsmarketshareremainthe
ultimateindicatorsofinternationalcompetitiveness
Consequentlyalthoughwidelyproclaimedthetheoreticalbasesofinternational
competitivenessasitrelatestonationaleconomiesandtheirinternationaltradehave
beenlessanalyzedinacademicliteratureThusthenaturebenetsandconstraints
onanationofbeinginternationallycompetitiveremainambiguousColdwell2000
Krugman19941996
Internationalcompetitivenesswithinthecontextoftradeingoodsandservices
referstoanationsecuringandmaintainingatradeadvantagevis-à-vistherestof
theworld
12EvidencefromRomania
191
Internationalcompetitivenessisadvancedwhenevertheeconomicwelfareofa
nationisenhancedthroughanincreaseintheowoftradeorthroughanalterationin
theconditionsoftradestartingfromapresumedinitialequilibriumColdwell2000
Tradetheoryassertsthateconomicwelfareisdependentontheproductionof
goodsandservicesthatacountryhascomparativeadvantageinThisineffect
meansthatinternationalcompetitivenessissecuredwhenproductionisinlinewitha
countryscomparativeadvantagesituationIfcountriesperformwellinternationally
andcompetesuccessfullyforexportmarketsthiscouldbeasignof
theirsound
internationalcompetitiveness
Thereforeattheinternationallevelcompetitivenesscanbedenedastheability
ofaneconomytoattractthedemandforitsexportsandtheinvestmenttosupply
thatdemandallwithinsocialnormsthatresultinanimprovedstandardofliving
foritscitizensThisinturndependsonthemacroandmicroeconomicpolicies
regulationsandinstitutionsthataffecttheproductivityoftheeconomysfactorsof
productionandthecostsofdoingbusiness
Areviewofavailableliteratureandempiricalevidencessupports
thenotionthat
internationalcompetitivenesscanbeexplainedtosomeextentbyacountrysabil-
itytoexportDollarandWolff1993Fagerbergetal2004Thereisinfacta
self-recurringrelationshipbetweenexportperformanceandinternationalcompet-
itivenessExportsaretherstlevelofinternationalcompetitivenessafrmation
Theimprovementinexportperformanceleadstoanincreaseinacountryscom-
petitivenessThiseffectisaresultofenterprisesskillsknowledgepropensityto
innovateandusenewtechnologyabilitytoexploittechnologicalopportunitiesina
successfullycommercialwayetc
Ontheotherhandinstrivingtoachievesuccessfulexportsinhighlycompeti-
tiveglobalmarketsacountryisforcedtoimproveitscompetitivenessThemore
competitiveacountryisthemoreeconomicallypowerfulitisConsequentlyitis
morecapabletocompeteontheglobalmarkettoattractpeoplewithhigherlevelof
knowledgeskillstobuynewtechnologiesetcandtoimproveitsexportperfor-
manceaswellastoachievebetterexportresultsThiscaninturnfavoradditional
innovationsandtriggeranimprovementinitscompetitiveness
Consequentlyexportperformanceandcompetitivenessshouldnotbeconsidered
inisolationsincetheyaremutuallyinterdependent
Howevercompetitivenessshouldnotbeequatedonlywithacountrysabilityto
exportTheevolutionofexportmarketsharesisalsoanimportantelementoftrade
competitivenesswhilethelatterisjustacomponentofanationscompetitiveness
denedbytheEuropeanDeclarationofLisbonasthecapacitytoimproveandraise
thestandardoflivingofitshabitantsbyprovidingmoreandhigherqualityemploy-
mentandagreatersocialcohesionThegainsorlossesofworldmarket
sharesby
individualcountriesareoftenconsideredasanindexoftheirtradecompetitiveness
HowevermarketsharegrowthdependsalsoonstructuralfactorsDuetochanges
indemandacountrysgeographicalandsectoralspecializationatthebeginning
ofaperiodisanimportantfactorshapingfuturemarketsharegrowthSimilarly
thecountrysabilitytoadaptitsexportstosuchchangeswillalsoaffectthenal
outcome
192ABobircaandCCristureanu
Furthermoretheconceptofinternationalcompetitivenessintourismservices
alsoencompassesqualitativefactorsthataredifculttoquantifythequalityof
servicesinvolvedthedegreeofspecializationthecapacityfortechnologicalinno-
vationthequalityofhumanresourcesRubalcabaandCuadrado2001arefactors
thatmayinuenceacountrystourismtradeperformancefavorablyLikewisehigh
ratesofproductivitygrowthareoftensoughtasawayofstrengtheningcompeti-
tivenessButitisnotnecessarilythecasethatfavorablestructuralfactorsofthis
sortwillgiverisetoincreasedsalesonforeignmarketsTheymay
insteadshow
upasimprovingtermsoftradebroughtaboutthroughexchange-rateappreciation
whileleavingexportperformancebroadlyunchangedItisforthisreasonaswell
asbecausethesefactorsarehardtomeasureinquantitativetermsthatconsideration
hereisconnedtoamorespecicandintegratedmethodfordeterminingRomanias
relativecompetitiveposition