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2 词缀与语法成分.docx

2词缀与语法成分

词缀、词性与语法成分

词缀:

通常可以通过词缀来判断词性,下面列出了主要的常见词缀

1.前缀

大部分前缀是不改变词类的,它们的主要作用是改变词根的意思。

我们曾经学习过的前缀包括:

in-,il-,im-,ir-;mis-;un-;re-;dis-;over-;under-;non-;sub-;pre-;post-;co-;ex-;bi-这些都是比较活跃的前缀,其构词能力非常强。

in-,il-,im-,ir-(加在形容词和名词前)showinganegative,anopposite,oralack

例词informal非真实的;inaccurate不准确的;irregular不规则的;irresponsible不负责任的;illegal非法的;illogical不合理的:

impolite不礼貌的;imbalanced不平衡的

mis-1.badorbadly;2.wrongorwrongly;3.showinganoppositeorthelackofsth

例词misfortune不幸,厄运;misbehave行为不端;miscalculation计算错误;misunderstand误解;mistrust不信任

re-(尤用于动词前)1.again;2.againinanewandbetterway;3.backtoaformerstate

例词rebroadcast重播;rewrite重写;reunit重聚;retell复述;reform改革

un-1.(especiallyinadjectivesandadverbs)showinganegative,alack,oranopposite;2.(esp.inverbs)showinganopposite;

例词unhappy,unfair,unload卸货,uncover揭露

dis-1.showinganoppositeornegative;2.showsthestoppingorremovingofthestatedcondition;3.(esp.inverbs)totakeaway;remove

例词dislike,dishonest,disappear,discontented不满足的,disapprove不同意;disconnect切断;

over-1.toomuch;2.above,beyond,across;3.outer,covering(覆盖)在外的;4.additional

例词overpopulation人口过剩;overhanging下垂的;overcoat外套;overtime加班;

under-1.toolittle;2.goingunderneath;3.inner,beneathothers在…内;4.lessimportantorlowerinrank

例词underdeveloped,undercooked未煮熟的;understaffed人员配备不足的;underexpose曝光不足,underfeed给…太少的食物,未喂饱,underestimate低估,看轻

non-1.(esp.inadjectivesandnouns)showinganegative2.(esp.innouns)notdeservingthestatedname

例词nonalcoholic不含酒精的;nonstick不粘锅的,nonstandard,non-smoker,non-monopoly非垄断的,非独占的,nonparty,nonprofessional;non-event枯燥无味的活动;

Itwasareallybadbook---anon-storywithnon-characters.这是一本蹩脚的书---情节单调,人物缺乏生气。

sub-1.under,below;2.lessimportantorpowerfuloroflowerrankthan;3.partofthestatedbiggerwhole分支;4.(derog)similarto,butnotasgoodasornotreal仿;5.(esp,tech)almost近于

例词subzero零下的;subway地铁;subcommittee(委员会下设)专门小组;subtitle副标题;subsection分支,分部;sub-Victorian仿维多利亚的;subtropical亚热带的;subadult,subeditor,subagent,subhuman,subarea,subdivide,

pre-1.before;2.inadvance

例词preschool学龄前的;prearranged预先安排的,预定的;

post-after,laterthan

例词postwar,postgraduate,postmeridian午后的,下午发生的,

co-1.together,with;2.doingsomethingwithsomeoneelse和…一起做;副

例词coexist共存;coeducation男女同校制;coauthor合著者;copilot副驾驶员(飞机)co-owner,co-worker,cooperate,co-starex-former(stillliving)

例词ex-con,ex-husband,ex-president

semi–半;uni-单的;bi-双的;multi-多的;ultra–外,极;trans-跨越,移植;inter-之间的,相互的;super-超级的,上层的;fore-先的;self-自我的,自动的;anti-反,防;vice-副;auto-自

antisocial,self-important自大的;self-control自控;interact相互作用;transport;ultraviolet紫外线的;ultrasonic超声的;semi-final半决赛;semiconductor半导体;vice-president;vice-captain;unilateral单边的;uniform制服;multinational多国的;multistage多级;automation自动化,automobile汽车…

给下列词汇填上恰当的前缀

agree,logical,possibility,play,fit,weight,paid,production,nuclear,linear,resistance,average,branch,central,examination,exist,face,star,heir,author,wife,girlfriend,basic(二元的),facial,

后缀

后缀与前缀的不同之处在于,后缀的主要作用是改变词性。

因此,我们在语法的基础上将后缀分为名词后缀,动词后缀,形容词后缀等。

名词后缀:

a.–er,-ee;-or;-ist(信仰…主义的人;…操作者;…家;);-ian(与…有联系的人,精通…的人,钻研…的人,…地方的人);-ese;-ant/-ent(起…作用的人)构成表示人或物的名词

thinker思想家;guesser猜测者;translator翻译者;conductor导体;physicist物理学家;dentist牙医;employee雇员;trainee受训人员;physician内科医生;Italian意大利人;Japanese;assistant助手,servant,

b.–ance,-ence,-(a)tion,-sion,-ics,-ing,-ity,-ment,-ness,-th,-ty,-ure,-ship构成表示行为、性质、状态等的抽象名词

acceptance接受;assistance帮助;dependence依靠;confidence信心;repetition重复;preparation准备;discussion讨论;division分开;physics物理学;fabrics纺织品;building建筑;wedding婚礼;reality现实;ability能力;settlement解决;argument争论;greatness伟大;hardness硬度;warmth温暖;length长度;safety安全;penalty惩罚;failure失败;pressure压力;friendship友谊;leadership领导

2)形容词后缀,如–able,-ible(能够…的,具有…性质的,处于…状态的),-al(与…有关的),-ful(充满…的,引起…的,具有…特性的),-less(没有的,不能的),ish(…民族的,…地区的,有…特征的(贬义),有点…的,稍微…的),-like(有…特征的,适于…的),-ive(有…性质或作用的),-ous(具有…的),-an(…地方的人,精通…的人),-ic(与…有关的,受…影响的),-ly(每隔…时间,象…样的),-y(覆盖…的,有…倾向的,易于…的),-ant,-ent(处于…状态的),-ary(与…有关的),-en(由…制成的,变成,变得)等。

Available可获得的,suitable适合的,responsible负责的,permissible允许的,natural自然地,national国家的,powerful强大的,faithful忠诚的,fearless无畏的,useless无用的,selfish自私的,childish幼稚的,collective集体的,decisive决定性的,famous著名的,continuous连续不断的,American,European,historic有历史意义的,scientific科学的,friendly有好的,lively活泼的,thirsty口渴的,noisy,significant重大的,pleasant令人愉悦的,dependent依赖的,consistent一贯的,secondary次要的,imaginary想象中的,golden金色的,wooden木制的.

economic&economical

The20thcenturyhasseenrapideconomicgrowthinChina.

Theoldergenerationpaytoomuchattentiontoeconomicalfactorwhenmakingapurchase.

Theyarediscussingproblems.

Weshouldbeofourmoneyandtime.

historic&historical

ThefallingofBerlinWallisahistoricoccasion.

Afteryearsofhardworking,theyfinallydiscoveredsomehistoricaltombs.

DashuaifuisthehouseofZhangXueliangandhiswife.

classic&classical

Itisaclassicexample.

ThisisareallyclassicFrenchchampagne.

NowonlyafewstudytheclassicalmusicofIndia.

3)动词后缀,如-en,-(i)fy,-ize美/ise英,等。

-endarkenheightensharpenshorten

-(i)fysolidify(凝固,团结)beautifymodify修饰verify证实purifyamplify

-ize/isemodernizesymbolizerealize

4)副词后缀,如-ly,-ward(s),-wise,等。

-lynaturallypublicly

-ward(s)homewardsdownwardeastward

-wiseclockwisecounterclockwiseeducation-wiselikewiseotherwise

 

给下列各词添加适当的后缀

pure,urban,brother,real,broad,month,beast,haste,fast,revolution,system,

词性与语法成分

不同的词性充当不同的语法成分,不同的语法成分要求不同的词性,二者互相制约。

在语法与词汇的考试部分以用词汇的不同形式填空为主。

例:

名词与形容词修饰关系

·Asweallknow,ironisthemost(use)_______metalinindustry.

此句考察的是修饰名词metal的语法成分,名词应该由具有形容词性质的词汇来修饰,因此想到use的形容词形式useful,useless,但是语意要求填入肯定意义的词,因此答案为前者。

·Heisapleasant,(friend)_______manwhogetsonwellwitheveryonehere.

此题考察的是修饰名词man的语法成分,形容词修饰名词,-ly可加到名词后面构成形容词。

答案为friendly.此时有两种形式:

1.表称谓的名词+ly,意思为象…一样的,如motherly,manly,beastly,scholarly;2.时间名词+ly,意思为以…为周期的,如daily,monthly,bimonthly,quarterly,yearly。

·Inthisprofession,trainingandexperienceareofequal(important)importance.beof+抽象名词=该名词对应的形容词

此题考察的是形容词修饰的语法成分,形容词equal修饰名词,-ance可以加在形容词或动词后面变成名词,意思为具有…的性质,…状态等。

如:

·Hefailedinhismathematicsexaminationbecauseofhis(care)careless    work.

此题考察的是修饰名词的语法成分,形容词修饰名词,-ful和-less都是可以加到名词后面的形容词词缀。

前者为肯定意思,后者为否定意思。

根据语意,此题需要否定意义的形容词,因此,答案为careless.

·

介词与动词修饰关系

·Oneoftheprinciplesfor(establish)_______goodrelationsbetweenanytwopersonsistobehonest.

此题考察介词后动词应用–ing形式。

故答案为establishing

·Insteadof(drive)_______hiscar,hetookabustotheoffice.

此题考察的是介词后面动词的词形,但动词出现在介词后必须用-ing形式,所以此题答案为driving.

形容词与副词修饰关系

·Thingsgotsobad(recent)thathedecidednottogotohisoffice.

此题考察的是修饰形容词bad的语法成分,副词用来修饰形容词,而recent本身为形容词,-ly是变形容词为副词的后缀。

因此,答案为recently.

练习题:

把下列形容词变成名词

important_____importance_____brilliant________competent___________consequent_________ignorant__________indifferent__________intelligent___________magnificent_______significant___________

把下列动词变成名词(动作执行者)

lie___________beg__________translate_________

把下列名词变成形容词

optimist__________pessimist_________care___________

energy_________atom_________hero_________

economy__________history_________

把下列形容词变成动词:

modern_________just_________urban___________

civil_civilize_________pure_____purify___beautiful_____beautify____

clear_____clarify______terrible_____terrify____frightfrighten__________

largeenlarge__________light___lighten______sharp_____sharpen______

broad____broaden____

1.Concentrateonthecontentoftheessay,notits_____appearance_____.(appear)

2.Someone’s(utter)___utterances____arethethingsthattheysay.

3.Ourteacherwasverypleasedtodayforthefactthatwehadperfect(attend)___attendence____.

4.Hewouldbemoreofa(hinder)___hindrance____thanahelptous.

5.Therulesaysthat(maintain)____maintenance___ofpeaceandquietisnecessaryinahospital.

6.Evidenceshowedthatthegirlhadmade(resist)____resistence___beforeshewashangedtodeath.

7.Wearegoingtohavetheevening(perform)____performance___at8o’clockthisFriday.

8.Environmentalpollutionthreatensthe(exist)_____existence__ofwildanimals.

9.Thechairmanofthedepartmentfeltitdifficulttocopewithcomplaintsthatseemedtobeaneveryday(occur)___occurrence____.

10.Inhis(accept)___acceptance____speechfortheNobelPrize,hestressedtheinnerconflictofman.

11.Thepowerstationwasshowntobedangerousand,asa(consequent)______consequence_____,wascloseddown.

12.Hisdiscoverywasofgreat(significant)__significance________,butfewpeoplerealizedthat.

13.Idon’tlikethedepartmentchairman’s(indifferent)____indifference____totheteacherswhoarenotinhisfavor.

词形变化填空复习题

1.用care的不同形式填空

Youmustbevery__________nottosayanythingtoPaul.

She________fortheoldmanasifhewereherownfather.

A_______driverisadangertousall.

Allthechildrenherearetakengood________of.

IfBobdrovemore________,hewouldn’thavesomanyaccidents.

Heisnotadiligentstudent.Heshowsgreat_______ineverythinghedoes.

Spendmoretimeonyourwork.Youdidyourhomeworkvery__________.

Ihopeyouwillbemore___________infutureaboutwhatyousay.

2.用add的不同形式填空

In_______toEnglish,you’dbetterlearnanotherforeignlanguage.

Motherneeds_________helpinthekitchenonweekendswhenallofuscomehomefromschool.

Thefireisgoingout;willyou________somewood?

Thisisan________proofofhiscarelessness.

3.用use的不同形式填空

Prof.Wangtellsustomakegood_______ofourtimeinclass.

Mybicycleisbroken;itiscompletely

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