完整版徐卡加GRE阅读讲义.docx

完整版徐卡加GRE阅读讲义.docx

《完整版徐卡加GRE阅读讲义.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《完整版徐卡加GRE阅读讲义.docx（45页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

完整版徐卡加GRE阅读讲义

GRE阅读讲义徐卡嘉2002年1月

一、开场白

二、阅读概况

三、篇章结构

（一）：

文章分类

1．题材分类

2．文体分类

（1）Recently,thedisappearanceofDravidianshasbeenamysteriousphenomenonthatpuzzlesscholars.……SirLee’sstudyhascontributedalottotheprocessofexplainingthepuzzle.……Thus,theinvasionofUFOshouldbethemajorfactoroftheirdisappearance.

（2）IthaslongbeenbelievedthatthedisappearanceofDravidianswascausedbytheinvasionofUFO.……However,SirLeefoundthataculturalelementhadbeenunderestimatedbymostofhispredecessors.……Therefore,thestrongreligiousbeliefheldbymassDravidiansexplainswhytheypiledhugepyreandburnedthemselves.

3．结构套路分类：

新老观点型，结论解释型，现象解释型，问题回答或问题解决型，事物描述型，其他。

4．新老观点型文章

A．判断标志：

a．首句或首段有下列词汇表示过去的或大众的观点：

often，commonclaim，usually，traditionally，longmaintained，untilrecently，itisfrequentlyassumed，thedominantview，thecommonbelief；相应地，观点的持有者在语法上表现出泛指的语法范畴：

scholars，present-dayphilosophers，biologists，somehistorians，childpsychologists，somerecenthistorians，philosophersandlinguistics，somelinguists，experiments。

eg：

ScholarsoftenfailtoseethatmusicplayedanimportantroleinthepreservationofAfricancultureintheUnitedStates./Present-dayphilosophersusuallyenvisiontheirdisciplineasanendeavorthathasbeen,sinceantiquity,distinctfromandsuperiortoanyparticularintellectualdiscipline,suchastheologyandscience./Itisfrequentlyassumedthatthemechanizationofworkhasarevolutionaryeffectonthelivesofthepeoplewhooperatethenewmachines.这就是老观点

b．二句或二段首句有表示转折的词汇，如however,but，yet，nevertheless，unfortunately让步的标志词等。

新观点的表示方法更主要是语义上的。

eg：

ScholarsoftenfailtoseethatmusicplayedanimportantroleinthepreservationofAfricancultureintheUnitedStates./Unfortunately,theauthorsdidnotpointoutthattheircrystalswerenolargerthantheaveragecrystalgrownusingother,morestandardtechniquesinanEarthlaboratory./Somehistorianshaveunderestimatedthesignificanceofthewomansuffragemovement.（以上认为老观点应该做而没有做）/Historians,particularlythoseinvestigatingthehistoryofwomen,nowseriouslyquestionthisassumptionoftransformingpower./Buttherecentdiscoveryunderminestheattempttoexplainawaysuperficialresemblanceasduetoconvergentevolution.（以上新观点削弱或反对老观点，challenge）/Thesehistorianshaveputforwardargumentsthatdeserveevaluation.（以上对老观点负评价）这就是新观点。

B．论证新观点的过程

a．老观点错误。

b．新观点对老观点取非：

观点的取非；评价的取非；是-不是的取非；有-没有的取非。

eg：

ThecommonbeliefofsomelinguiststhateachlanguageisaperfectvehicleforthethoughtsofthenationspeakingitisinsomewaystheexactcounterpartoftheconvictionoftheManchesterschoolofeconomicsthatsupplyanddemandwillregulateeverythingforthebest.Justaseconomistswereblindtothenumerouscasesinwhichthelawofsupplyanddemandleftactualwantsunsatisfied,soalsomanylinguistsaredeaftothoseinstancesinwhichtheverynatureofalanguagecallsforthmisunderstandingsineverydayconversation./Itisfrequentlyassumedthatthemechanizationofworkhasarevolutionaryeffectonthelivesofthepeoplewhooperatethenewmachines…Historians,particularlythoseinvestigatingthehistoryofwomen,nowseriouslyquestionthisassumptionoftransformingpower.Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnologicalinnovationshavenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchangesinwomen’seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen’swork./Present-dayphilosophersusuallyenvisiontheirdisciplineasanendeavorthathasbeen,sinceantiquity,distinctfromandsuperiortoanyparticularintellectualdiscipline,suchastheologyandscience…Thebasisforthisview,however,liesinaseriousmisinterpretationofthepast.Theideaofanautonomousdisciplinecalled“philosophy”turnsouttobeofquiterecentorigin.

c．新观点对老观点补充:

Traditionally,pollinationbywindhasbeenviewedasareproductiveprocessmarkedbyrandomeventsinwhichthevagariesofthewindarecompensatedforbythegenerationofvastquantitiesofpollen…However,anumberoffeaturesthatarecharacteristicofwind-pollinatedplantsreducepollenwaste.

C．论证新观点的语法手段

a．讲新观点的手段：

byfocusingonalimitedgeographicalareainordertogatherin-depthinformation,theauthorshaveavoidthemethodologicalpitfallsthathaveplaguedearlierresearchonhomework

b．讲新观点反对的东西

c．分类说明：

时间分类，群体分类。

eg:

Theideaofanautonomousdisciplinecalled“philosophy”turnsouttobeofquiterecentorigin.When,intheseventeenthcentury,DescartesandHobbsdidnotthinkofthemselvesasproposinganewphilosophy,butratherasfurtheringthewarfarebetweenscienceandtheology./Theyconcludethatsuchdramatictechnologicalinnovationshavenotresultedinequallydramaticsocialchangesinwomen’seconomicpositionorintheprevailingevaluationofwomen’swork.Theemploymentofyoungwomen…Theincreaseinthenumbersofmarriedwomen…

d．强对比：

ScholarsoftenfailtoseethatmusicplayedanimportantroleinthepreservationofAfricancultureintheUnitedStates…Africanmusic,unlikethemusicofsomeothercultures,wasbasedonavisionoflifeinwhichmusicwasnotanisolatedsocialdomain.

D．变体形式

a．正常的顺序是老观点，批驳老观点，新观点。

但近年来有这么一种倾向：

先出现对老观点的负评价，再讲老观点，再批驳老观点。

ScholarsoftenfailtoseethatmusicplayedanimportantroleinthepreservationofAfricancultureintheUnitedState.TheycorrectlynotethatslaverystrippedsomeculturalelementsfromBlackpeoplebuttheyunderestimatethesignificanceofmusicinsustainingotherAfricanculturalvalues.Africanmusic,unlikethemusicofsomeothercultures,wasbasedonavisionoflifeinwhichmusicwasnotanisolatedsocialdomain.

b．文章的第一句有可能是一个论题，然后再说老观点的解决方式。

这一类文章也可以看作是问题解决型。

c．只有一篇文章第一次出现的观点还有“咸鱼翻身”的机会。

d．总结印象：

早期中规中矩，晚年有点变化。

四、上课要求

1、预习和复习

2、“你是风儿我是沙”

Noneofthesetranslationstoscreenandstage,however,dramatizetheanarchyattheconclusionofAConecticutYankee,whichendswiththeviolentoverthrowofMorgan’sthree-year-oldprogressiveorderandhisreturntothenineteenthcentury,whereheapparentlycommitssuicide.TheAmericanpublic,althoughenjoyingTwain’shumor,evidentlyrejectedhiscynicismabouttechnologicaladvancementandchangethroughpeacefulrevolutionasantitheticaltotheUnitedStatesdoctrineofprogress.

*Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisatruestatementaboutthereceptionofAConecticutYankeebytheAmericanpublic?

~ThepublichascontinuedtoenjoyTwain’sstory,butthelastpartofthenovelseemstooviolenttoAmericanminds.

五、篇章结构

（二）：

结论解释型文章

A．判断标志：

a.首句是一个判断句或有表示作者态度的词。

后面不能有转折，尤其是2句或2段首句。

（a）PauleMarshall’sBrownGirl,Brownstones（1959）wasalandmarkinthedepictionoffemalecharactersinBlackAmericanliterature.

b.首句是让步，转折或不是而是。

（a）AlthoughVictorTurnier’swritingshaveprovedfruitfulforfieldsbeyondanthropology,hisdefinitionofritualisoverlyrestrictive.

（b）Manyobjectsindailyusehaveclearlybeeninfluencedbyscience,buttheirformandfunction,theirdimensionsandappearance,weredeterminedbytechnologists,artisans,designers,inventors,andengineers—usingnon-scientificmodesofthought.

（c）Researchersarefindingthatinmanywaysanindividualbacteriumismoreanalogoustoacomponentcellofamulticellularorganismthanitistoafree-living,autonomousorganism.

c.首句用can引出

（a）Analyzingthephysicsofdancecanaddfundamentallytoadancer’sskill.

d.首句是强调句

（a）Itistheirsensitiveresponsetohumancircumstancethataccountsforthepersistenceofcertainuniversalideas.

e.首句表示空前绝后的概念

（a）TheoutpouringofcontemporaryAmericanIndianliteratureinthelasttwodecadesrepresentsformanythefirstopportunitytoexperienceNativeAmericanpoetry.

f.首句或首段是因果关系

（a）Althoughthefullsignificanceofahumanrelationshipmaynotbedirectlyevident,thecomplexityoffeelingsandactionsthatcanbeunderstoodataglanceissurprisinglygreat.Forthisreasonpsychologyholdsauniquepositionamongthesciences.

g.首句由suggest等引出结论

（a）AnalysisofprehistoricairsuggestsacorrelationbetweencarbondioxidelevelsintheEarth’satmosphereandglobaltemperatureoverthelast160,000years.

h.首句表明一种关系

（a）Scientistsnowhaveaclearerideaoftherelationshipbetweenatmosphericcompositionandglobaltemperature.

B．变化

a.首句正/负评价，后面的相反评价是结论。

ThesweepofnarrativeinA.N.Wilson’sbiographyofC.S.Lewisisimpressiveandthereismuchthatisacuteandwellargued.Butmuchinthisworkiscarelessandunworthyofitsauthor.

b.有的时候文首会有一点背景

ItisnowestablishedthattheMilkyWayisfarmoreextendedandofmuchgreatermassthanwashithertothought.However,allthatisvisibleoftheconstituentsoftheMilkyWay’scorona,wheremuchofthegalaxy’smassmustbelocated,isatinyfractionofthecorona’smass.ThusmostoftheMilkyWay’soutlyingmattermustbedark.

c.先叙述别人的观点，最后才是作者的评价（结论）。

intheWomenofMexicoCity1769-1857,SylviaMarinaArromarguesthat…Arromdoesnotdiscuss…However,thisisnotsomuchweaknessinherwork…

C.解释的手段

a.举例

b.讲原理

BecauseofitsaccuracyinoutliningtheEarth’ssubsurface,thesesmic-reflectionmethodremainsthemostimportanttoolinthesearchforpetroleumreserves.Infieldpractice,asubsurfaceismappedby…

c.类比和强对比

PauleMarshall’sBrownGirlwasalandmarkinthedepictionoffemalecharactersinBlackAmericanliterature.MarshallavoidedtheoppressedandtragicheroineinconflictwithWhitesocietythathadbeentypicaloftheprotestnovelsoftheearlytwentiethcentury.Likeherimmediatepredecessors…ButMarshallextendedtheanalysisofBlackfemalecharactersbegunbyHurstonandBrooksby…

d.分类说明

FortyyearsagoasurveyoftheearlyGreekdramatistAeschylus’playswouldhavestartedwithTheSuppliantWomen…