语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版2.docx

语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版2.docx

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语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版2

语言学教程复习题与答案（胡壮麟版第四章）

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Syntaxisasubfiedoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords.2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder,withoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.4.Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeak-erareknownaslinguisticcompetence.5.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.6.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.

7.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.8.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.9.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.10.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.11.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.12.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.13.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.14.WH-movementisobligatoryinEnglishwhichchangesasentencefromaffirmativetointerrogative.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

15. As________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasub-jectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.16.As______isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.17.As______maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.18.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp_________.19.Ac_________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.20.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledane_______clause.21.Majorlexicalcategoriesareo___categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.22.A_____Conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.23.P_______aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.24.ThetheoryofC____conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.III.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

25.  Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammatical-calknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.

A.right       B.wrong   C.grammatical     D.ungrammatical26.  A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinator  B.particle     C.preposition    D.subordinator27.Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursive       B.grammatical  C.social     D.functional28.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand  ____________

A. howwordsandphrasesformsentences.B.  whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.  howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.  Alloftheabove.29.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalled________.A. transformationalrulesB. generativerulesC. phrasestructurerulesD. x-bartheory30.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforthefactthat__________.A. nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.B.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernounphraseC. nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositionsD. nounphrasecanbemovedtoanyplaceifnecessary.31.Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinearB.Onlyhierarchical C.complex D.bothlinearandhierarchical  32.  Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.

A.large      B.small    C.finite        D.infinite  33.The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences

 A.lexical       B.morphological C.linguistic     D.combinational34._______rulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence. A.Generative  B.Transformational   C.X-bar    D.Phrasestructure  IV.Definethefollowingterms:

35.syntax  36.Sentence  37.coordinatesentence  38.syntacticcategories39.grammaticalrelations  40.linguisticcompetence41.transformationalrules42.D-structureV.Answerthefollowingquestions:

43.  Whatarethebasiccomponentsofasentence?

44.  Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?

Illustratethemwithexamples.45.  Aretheelementsinasentencelinearlystructured?

Why?

46.  Whataretheadvantagesofusingtreediagramsintheanalysisofsentencestructures?

47.  WhatisNPmovement.Illustrateitwithexamples.

I.  DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

l.F  2.T  3.F  4.T  5.T  6.T  7.T  8.F  9.F  10.T  11.F  12.T13.T  14.TII.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

15.simple,16.sentence  17.subject  18.predicate  19.complex  20.embedded  21.open  22.adjacency  23.Parameters  24.CaseIII.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

25.D26.D  27.A  28.D  29.A  30.A31.D  32.C  33.D  34.BIV.Definethefollowingterms:

35.  syntax:

Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguistics.Itstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Itconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.36.  Sentence:

Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectandapredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.37.  coordinatesentence:

Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".38.  syntacticcategories:

Apartfromsentencesandclauses,asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword（calledalexicalcategory）oraphrase（calledaphrasalcategory）thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.39.grammaticalrelations:

Thestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsofconstituentsarecalledgrammaticalrelations.Thegrammaticalrelationsofasentenceconcernthewayeachnounphraseinthesentencerelatestotheverb.Inmanycases,grammaticalrelationsinfactrefertowhodoeswhattowhom.40.linguisticcompetence:

Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerknownaslinguisticcompetence.41.Transformationalrules:

Transformationalrulesaretherulesthattransformonesentencetypeintoanothertype.42.D-structure:

D-structureisthelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplace.Phrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.V.Answerthefollowingquestions:

43.  Whatarethebasiccomponentsofasentence?

Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectanditspredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.44.  Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?

Illustratethemwithexamples.    Traditionally,therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence,coordinate（compound）sentence,andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence,forexample:

          Johnreadsextensively.    Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".Forexample:

      Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparing      forherhistoryexam.    Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexam-ple:

BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlin-guistics.45.  Aretheelementsinasentencelinearlystructured?

Why?

    No.Languageisbothlinearlyandhierarchicallystructured.Whenasentenceisutteredorwrittendown,thewordsofthesentenceareproducedoneafteranotherinasequence.Acloserexaminationofasentenceshowsthatasentenceisnotcomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorderwithoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.Infact,sen-tencesarealsohierarchicallystructured.Theyareorga-nizedbygroupingtogetherwordsofthesamesyntacticcategory,suchasnounphrase（NP）orverbphrase（VP）,ascanbeseenfromthefollowingtreediagram:

                          S              NP                        VP        Det          N            Vt          NP                                          Det          N        The        boy          likes    the        music