从《刮痧》看中美文化的差异毕业论文.docx
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从《刮痧》看中美文化的差异毕业论文
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摘要Ⅱ
Introduction1
1DifferencesinFilialPietybetweenChinaandAmerica3
1.1TheDutiesofFilialPiety.3
1.2TheFamilyStatus4
1.3TheWaystoTreattheOldPeople4
2ReasonsfortheDifferencesofFilialPiety6
2.1FamilyValues6
2.2RelationbetweenGenerations7
2.3TheOrientationofMoralPrinciples7
2.4PensionMechanism8
3DifferencesinFamilyEducationbetweenChinaandAmerica10
3.1FamilyEducationWays10
3.2DirectionofChildEvaluation11
3.3TheObjectivesofFamilyEducation11
3.4ResultsofFamilyEducationbetweenChinaandAmerica12
4ReasonsfortheDifferencesofFamilyEducation14
4.1ValueOrientation14
4.2TraditionalEducation14
4.3ExpectationonChildren15
4.4NationalConditions16
Conclusion18
References20
Acknowledgments21
Introduction
TheGuashaTreatmentisaChinesefilmconcerningculturalconflictsexperiencedbyaChineseimmigrantfamilylivingintheUSAwhichisreleasedin2001.XuDatong,aChineseimmigrant,isafatherofafive-year-oldsonDennis.HehasasuccessfulcareerandahappyfamilyafterstrugglingforeightyearsintheUnitedStates.Datongtellseveryoneexcitedlyatthecompany'sannualpartythathelovesUSandhisAmericandreamcomestrue.Nevertheless,thisgoodnewsisbrokenbyanincident.Datong'sfathergoestoAmericafromChinatovisithisson’sfamily.Whilethere,Datong'sfatherisunabletoreadEnglishlabelsofmedicine.SohegiveshisgrandsonatreatmentofGuashatocureaslightfever.ThepurplemarksleftbythetreatmentonDennis'backareconsideredtobeevidenceofabusingchildbyAmericansocialworkers.Thus,Datong'sfamilyissubmittedtothecourt.Inordertoprotecthisfatherfromtroubleandlawsuit,Datongcheatstothejudgeandadmitsthathedoesit.Later,Datong'sfathergoesbacktoChina.Finally,XuDatongandhiswifeareabletoreunitewithhisson.
Now,asexchangesandcooperationincultureandeconomybetweenChinaandAmericaareincreasing,culturaldifferencesthataremanifestedarealsoincreasing.ThisfilmisaverygoodreflectionofdifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanculture,suchastheGuashatreatment,filialpiety,familyeducation,legalconceptandsoon.Thispaperisdividedintofourmainpartsandchoosestwoaspectstostudywhicharefilialpietyandfamilyeducation.Filialpietyisavirtuethatshowsrespectforparents,theelders,andancestors.IthasbeenveryimportantinChinasinceancienttimesandit'sconsideredakeyvirtueinChineseculture.IntheClassicofFilialPiety,Confucius(551-479BCE)saysthat"filialpietyistherootofvirtueandthebasisofphilosophy"(Wikipedia.org).ModernphilosopherFungYu-lanoncedescribedfilialpietyas"theideologicalbasisfortraditional[Chinese]society"(Wikipedia.org).Nevertheless,mostAmericansarestillconfusedaboutthewaysChinesepeopletreattheirparents.AlthoughmanywesternersknowChinesefilialpiety,theydon’thaveaspecificunderstandingofitsessencewhichmaybringaboutmisunderstanding.PlentyofChinesepeoplelikewisebelievethatAmericansaredisrespectfultoparents.ChineseandAmericanfilialpietyaredifferentinmanyelements,suchasthedutiesoffilialpietyandthewaystheytreattheoldpeople.Thereasonforthesemainlyisthattherearedifferentfamilyvalues,relationbetweengenerations,theorientationofmoralprinciplesandsocialmechanismbetweenChinaandAmerica.Thus,thispaperwilltalkaboutthedifferentelementsofChineseandAmericanfilialpietyinchapterone,andthereasonsfromfourperspectivesinchaptertwo.ItwillbebeneficialtospreadtraditionalChinesevirtueswidely.Asforfamilyeducation,itplaysavitalroleinbothcountries.ChineseandAmericansthinkhighlyofit.Besides,atpresent,educationisparticularlyimportantinthegrowingeconomicandculturalexchangesbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates.Parentsarekids’firstteacher.Theymayhaveagreateffectbothonchildren’sgrowthandonacountry’sprospect.However,thewaysandobjectivesoffamilyeducation,thedirectionofchildevaluationandsoonaredifferentinChinaandAmerica.Meanwhile,familyeducationinChinahasseveraldisadvantages.Itisshortofinnovation.Sometraditionalconceptsandrigideducationalmethodswhichcan’tfitthedevelopmentofsocietystillexist.Hence,thedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanfamilyeducation,andfourfactorsthatresultinthedifferenceswillbeintroducedinchapterthreeandchapterfourrespectively.ItwillbehelpfulforChinesetolearnfromAmericanadvancedfamilyeducationwaystomakechildrengrowhealthierandimprovetheirquality.AmericanswillknowChinesefilialpietyfurtherandunderstandthewaysChinesetreattheoldpeopleatthesametime.
Therefore,inordertounderstandthedifferencesoffilialpietyandfamilyeducationbetweenChinaandAmericadeeply,thispaperattemptstocompareandanalyzefilialpietyandfamilyeducationbetweenChinaandAmericaonthebasisofTheGuashaTreatment.Thispaperwillenrichcontentsforbothcountries’culturesandmakethemcomplementeachothertopromotetheirprosperityanddevelopment.Peoplecanalsoknowtheculturalconnotationandculturalcharacteristicsofothercountries.Mostimportantly,itwilldogoodtocross-culturalcommunication.Now,let’sstartwithchapteronethedifferencesinfilialpietybetweenChinaandAmerica.
1DifferencesinFilialPietybetweenChinaandAmerica
1.1TheDutiesofFilialPiety
InChina,thereisanoldsayingthatis"百善孝为先".Itmeansthatfilialpietycomesfirstamongallvirtues.Therearecompulsorytasksandresponsibilitiesforchildrentofulfill.Theyoungergenerationhasresponsibilitiestotakecareoftheirparentsandtheelders,toshowrespectandloveforthem.Moreover,theyoungergenerationshouldbepolite,displaysorrowfortheirparents'illnessanddeathaswellascarryoutsacrificesaftertheirdeath.PeoplepaytributetotheirancestorsonTomb-sweepingDaywhichisareflectionoffilialpietyinChina.Itisatraditionaswell.
FilialpietyisnotonlyacentralvalueintraditionalChineseculture,butalsoexpressesgratitudetoparentsfortheirupbringing.It'sreallynecessaryforchildrentoreciprocateforparents'loveandcare,whichbecomesacompulsorytaskforchildren.AtraditionalsayinginChinese"羊有跪乳之恩,鸦有反哺之义"isgoodenoughtoillustratethatchildrenshouldfulfilltheobligationoffilialpietyandthankparents.ItmeansinEnglishthatthesheephasgratitudeofkneelingdowntoacceptbreastmilkandthecrowhastheawarenessofnurturingtheirelderlyparents.What'smore,theyoungergenerationshouldshowrespectfortheelders'opinionsandarrangement.It'ssignificantforchildrentoobeywhattheirparentssay.Theverb"养"inChinesewhichmeans"feed"or"raise"inEnglishisanimportantelementoffilialpiety.Therefore,feeding,obeyingandsacrificingaretheethicsanddutiesoffilialpiety.Inthefilm,XuDatongwasadutifulson.ForthereasonthatDatongcan'toftenvisithisfatheranddidn'twanttoleavehimalone,hetookhisfathertoAmericaandlookedafterhim.
However,Americanfilialpietyistotallydifferent.Theyoungergenerationdoesn’thavethecompulsorytasktosupporttheiragedparents.Childrentotheirparentsarejustdutiesofgratitude.Moreover,theydon'thavetotakepersonalcareoftheirparentswhenparentsareoldorsick.AmericanscanchoosetowhetherhaveachildornotwhilehavingachildisalsotheembodimentoffilialpietyinChina.Chinesemayhavethepressuretobearanoffspring(Chen,2011).SothephenomenonthatDatonglivedwithhisfatherishardtounderstandbyAmericans.Althoughtheyouthdon'tlivewiththeiragingparents,theyoungergenerationshowgreatrespectlovefortheirparentswhichissimilartoChinesechildren.
1.2TheFamilyStatus
InChina,parentsarethecenterofafamilyandplayacrucialrole.Ontheonehand,itemphasizesthestatusoftheelders.Theyarealwayssupremeandhaveahigherstatusinafamily.Theyoungergenerationshouldlistentoparentsandbeobedienttothemunconditionally.Ortheyoungergenerationmaynotbetreatedasadutifulson.Nevertheless,ifparentsarewrong,childrencancorrectthem.SoinTheGuashaTreatment,whenevertherewereconflictsbetweenhiswifeandfather,Datongtooksidewithhisfatherandpersuadedhiswifeintounderstandinghisfather'simproperbehaviors.Ontheotherhand,whenitcomestodecidinganimportantissueinthefamily,thepowerofdecisionisinparents'hands.Parentshavetherighttodecideeverything.Childrenneedtorespectandobeytheirdecision,especiallymarriage.ArrangedmarriagenowisstillcommoninChina.Asthesayinggoes,"父母之命,媒妁之言"inChinese.Parentshaveabsoluteauthority.Marriageismainlydecidedbyparentsandchildrenneedtolistentothem(H.Wang&X.D.Wang,2010).
Onthecontrary,familystatusisequalintheUSA.Parentsthinkthattheirchildrenareindependentindividualsandtheylovetohelpthem.Butparentsneverforcechildrentodoanything.Therelationshipbetweenparentsandchildrenislikefriend,notrequiringtheabsoluteobediencetoparents'will.Instead,childrenoftentalktheirownthoughtsandfeelingsfreelywithparents.Furthermore,theycanmakedecisionbythemselvesontheimportantissues.Parentsencouragechildrentohaveindependentopinionsothattheyareabletochoosetheirownwaywell.What'smore,theyoungergenerationcanaddresstheirparentsdirectlybyname,includingotherrelativeswhileitisviewedasadisrespectfulandunfilialbehaviorinChin