英语词汇学200要点不过都难啊.docx
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英语词汇学200要点不过都难啊
1.外来词分为四类:
1Denizens,cupfromcuppa,portformportus2)Aliensgarage,décor3)Translation–loanse.g.longtimenosee4)Semantic-loans.e.g.dream.
2.Motivation分类:
onomatopoeicmotivation,morphologicalmotivation,semanticmotivation,etymologicalmotivation.Typesofmeaning:
grammatical~&lexical~;conceptual~&associative~(connotative~,stylistic~,affective~,collocative~,)
多义关系及两种研究方法:
Polysemyisacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturallanguagethatonewordhastwoormoresensesormeanings.Diachronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudieshowawordderiveditsdifferentmeaningsfromitsprimarymeaninginthecourseoftime.
3.Synchronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudiesthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.
4.Primarymeaningistheonlymeaningthatawordhadwhenitwasfirstcreated.
5.Derivedmeaningsarethemeaningsthatawordgetsfromtheprimarymeaningatdifferentstagesofitsdevelopmentinthecourseoftime.
6.同形同音异义关系Homonymyisoneofthefeaturesofwordsthatawordisdifferentinmeaningfromanother,buteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspellingwiththeotherHomonymsgenerallyfallintothreeclasses:
perfecthomonyms(samename);homographs(samespelling)andhomophones(somesound).Perfecthomonymsarethosewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning,e.g.bear/bea/(n)alargeheavyanimal;bear/bea/(v)toputupwith.Homographsarethewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning,e.g.saw//(v)toscatterseeds;sow/sau/(n)femaleadultpig.Homophonesrefertothewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning,e.g.dear/dia/(n)alovedperson;deer/dia/(n)akindofanimal.
7.同形同音异义词与多义词的区别Perfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefullyidenticalwithregardtospellingandpronunciation.Thiscreatestheproblemofdifferentiation.Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenhomonymsandpolysemantsliesinthefactthattheformerreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandthelatteristheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology,i.e.homonymsarefromdifferentsourceswhereasapolysemantisfromthesamesourcewhichhasacquireddifferentmeaningsinthecourseofdevelopment.Thesecondprincipalconsiderationissemanticrelatedness.Thevariousmeaningsofapolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaningtoagreaterorlesserdegree,e.g.neck(See6.1Polysemy).Ontheotherhand,meaningsofdifferenthomonymshavenothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningsalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries.
8.同义关系Synonymsarewordswhichsharethesameornearlythesamemeaningwitheachotherbutdifferentinsoundandspelling.Thereareabsolutesynonymsandrelativesynonymswhichresultfromborrowing,dialectsandregionalEnglish,figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords,coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions.Thereexiststhedifferencebetweenoramongsynonymsintermsoftheirdenotation,connotationorapplication.Absolutesynonymsorcompletesynonymsarewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects.Relativesynonymsornear-synonymsaresimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.
9.SourcesofSynonyms1)Borrowing2)DialectsandregionalEnglish3)Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords4)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions
10.如何区分同义词?
1Differenceindenotation2Differenceinconnotation3Differenceinapplication
11.Whatarethecharacteristicsofantonyms?
12.1)Antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition2)Awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.3)Antonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion.4)Contrarytermsaregradableantonyms,differingindegreeofintenisty,soeachhasitsowncorrespondingopposite.
13.上下义关系:
Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Thatis,themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Superordinatesrefertosomegeneralwords;subordinatesdenotethosemorespecificwords.Hyponymycanbedescribedintermsoftree-likegraphs,withhigher-ordersuperordinatesabovethelowersubordinates.Buttheirstatuseitherassuperordinateorsubordinateisrelativetootherterms.Forexample,horse,dog,pigaresubordinatesinrelationtoanimal,butsuperordinatesofmare,houndandboar,Animalitselfbecomesasubordinateofcreature.Andcreatureinturnbecomes
14.词义变化的种类Therearefivetypesofmeaning,changes:
extension,narrowing,degradation,elevation,andtransferamongwhichextensionandnarrowingarethemostcommon.Changesinmeaningcanbeaccountedforfromextra-linguisticfactors(historicalreason,classreason,andpsychologicalreason)andintra-linguisticfactors(shortening,theinfluxofborrowing,andanalogy).
15.词义的扩大Extensionisaprocessbywhichawordwithaspecializedsenseisgeneralizedtocoverabroaderorless
16.definiteconcept.Comparethefollowing;词义的缩小Narrowingisaprocessbywhichawordofwidermeaningacquiresaspecializedsense;词义的升华Elevationisaprocessbywhichawordmovesfromaderogatoryorneutralsensetoaneutraland/orappreciativesense;词义的降格Degradationisaprocessbywhichawordofreputationslidesintoapejorativeuse,;词义的转移Transferisaprocessbywhichaworddenotingonethingchangestorefertoadifferentbutrelatedthing.Paperservesasanexample.ThiswordformerlydenotedanAfricanplantpapyrus,whichwasonceusedtomakepaper.Inmoderntimes,paperismadefromrags,wood,strawandthelike,buttheproducthasretainedthesamename.Thereisassociatedtransfer.Thereareotherkindsoftransfer,suchas,concretetoabstract,abstracttoconcreteandtransferofsensation.
17.语境的种类:
非语言语境。
语言语境:
词汇语境和语法语境。
Therearetwotypesofcontexts:
linguisticcontextandextra-linguistic(ornon-linguisticcontext).Extra-linguisticcontextreferstothosesituationsandfeatureswhicharenotdirectlyapartofthelanguageinusebutwhicheithercontributeinconveyingamessageorhaveaninfluenceonlanguageuse.LinguisticorIntra-linguisticcontextisfurthersubdividedintolexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext.Bylexicalcontextwemeanthewordsthatoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestion.Bygrammaticalcontextwemeanthatthemeaningsofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.
18.语境的作用:
Threemajorfunctionsofcontext:
eliminationofambiguity,indicationofreferents,provisionofcluesforinferringword-meaning.Contextanbesummedupasfollows:
1)definition2)explanation3)example4)synonymy5)Antonymy6)hyponymy7)relevantdetails8)wordstructure
19.英语习语的特点Thecharacteristicsofidiomsincludesemanticunityandstructuralstability.
20.英语习语的分类Accordingtothecriterionoftheirgrammaticalfunctions,weclassifythemintoidiomsnominalinnature,idiomsadjectivalinnature,idiomsverbalinnature,idiomsadverbialinnature,andsentenceidioms.Thestylisticfeaturesarecharacterizedwithcolloquialisms,slang,andliteraryexpressions.
21.英语习语的使用Theuseofidiomsinvolvestheirstylisticfeatures,rhetoricalfeatures,andvariationsofidioms.
22.英语习语的修辞色彩Therhetoricalfeaturesofidiomsarerepresentedwithphoneticmanipulation(alliteration头韵法andrhyme叠韵),lexicalmanipulation(reiteration复用,repetition重复andjuxtaposition反义词叠用),figuresofspeech(simile明喻,metaphor暗喻,metonymy转喻,synecdoche借代,personification拟人,euphemism委婉)
23.英语习语的变异形式Inthevariations,addition,deletion,replacement,position-shiftinganddismemberingareinvolvedinthechangesinidiomsconstituents.
24.Associativemeaning:
1)associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.2)Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminated.3)Itisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.4)Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:
connotative,stylistic,affective,andcollocative.
25.Metonymy和Synecdoche,修饰有何区别?
Bothmetonymyandsynecdocheinvolvesubstitutionofnames,yettheydifferinthattheformerisacaseofusingthenameofonethingforanothercloselyassociatedwithitandthelatteristhatofsubstitutingpartforthewholeandviceversa.
26.词典的种类Therearefourtypesofdictionarieswiththeirfeaturesmentionedinthisparts:
(1)monolingualandbilingualdictionaries,
(2)linguisticandencyclopedicdictionaries,(3)unabridged,deskandpocketdictionaries,(4)specializeddictionaries.Amonolingualdictionaryisadictionarywhichiswritteninonelanguage.
27.Abilingualdictionaryisoneinwhichtwolanguagesareinvolved.
28.Alinguisticdictionaryisadictionarywhichaimsatdefiningwordsandexplainingtheirusagesinthelanguage.
29.Anencyclopedicdictionaryisoneinwhichencyclopedicinformationisprovidedalongwiththegeneralinformationasinalinguisticdictionary.
30.Anencyclopediaisadictionarywhichonlyprovideencyclopedicinformationconcerningeachheadword.
31.Anunabridgeddictionaryisanunshorteneddictionarywithatleast200,000headwordsthatcansupplyagreatquantityofbasic,informationaboutaword.
32.Adeskdictionaryisamedium-sizeddictionarycontainingwordsrangingfrom50,000to150,000.
33.Apocketdictionaryisadictionarywhichhasabout50,000entriesorfewer.
七、分析综合49-50*9
1、对句子进行理论分析,并改进:
ambiguous——