LetterfromBirminghamJailMartinLutherKing全文.docx
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LetterfromBirminghamJailMartinLutherKing全文
Keepyourpatienceandreadon.I’msureyou’lllearnalotfromMartinLutherKing.
Background:
•KingorganizeddemonstrationsinBirmingham,Alabama,in1963.
•ThenKingwasarrested,andwhilehewasinjail,eightwhiteAlabamaclergymenissuedapublicstatementdeploringthedemonstrationsas“unwiseanduntimely”.
•Kingthuswrotealettertorespond.
Contents
P1-P2thepublicstatementwrittenbyeightAlabamaclergymen
P3-theendKing’srespondingletter
ThefollowingisthepublicstatementdirectedtoMartinLutherKing,Jr.,byeightAlabamaclergymen
Wetheundersignedclergymenareamongthosewho,inJanuary,issued"anappealforlawandorderandcommonsense,"indealingwithracialproblemsinAlabama.Weexpressedunderstandingthathonestconvictionsinracialmatterscouldproperlybepursuedinthecourts,buturgedthatdecisionsofthosecourtsshouldinthemeantimebepeacefullyobeyed.
Sincethattimetherehadbeensomeevidenceofincreasedforbearanceandawillingnesstofacefacts.Responsiblecitizenshaveundertakentoworkonvariousproblemswhichcauseracialfrictionandunrest.InBirmingham,recentpubliceventshavegivenindicationthatweallhaveopportunityforanewconstructiveandrealisticapproachtoracialproblems.
However,wearenowconfrontedbyaseriesofdemonstrationsbysomeofourNegrocitizens,directedandledinpartbyoutsiders.Werecognizethenaturalimpatienceofpeoplewhofeelthattheirhopesareslowinbeingrealized.Butweareconvincedthatthesedemonstrationsareunwiseanduntimely.
WeagreeratherwithcertainlocalNegroleadershipwhichhascalledforhonestandopennegotiationofracialissuesinourarea.Andwebelievethiskindoffacingofissuescanbestbeaccomplishedbycitizensofourownmetropolitanarea,whiteandNegro,meetingwiththeirknowledgeandexperienceofthelocalsituation.Allofusneedtofacethatresponsibilityandfindproperchannelsforitsaccomplishment.
Justasweformerlypointedoutthat"hatredandviolencehavenosanctioninourreligiousandpoliticaltraditions,"wealsopointoutthatsuchactionsasincitetohatredandviolence,howevertechnicallypeacefulthoseactionsmaybe,havenotcontributedtotheresolutionofourlocalproblems.WedonotbelievethatthesedaysofnewhopearedayswhenextrememeasuresarejustifiedinBirmingham.
Wecommendthecommunityasawhole,andthelocalnewsmediaandlawenforcementofficialsinparticular,onthecalmmannerinwhichthesedemonstrationshavebeenhandled.Weurgethepublictocontinuetoshowrestraintshouldthedemonstrationscontinue,andthelawenforcementofficialstoremaincalmandcontinuetoprotectourcityfromviolence.
WefurtherstronglyurgeourownNegrocommunitytowithdrawsupportfromthesedemonstrations,andtounitelocallyinworkingpeacefullyforabetterBirmingham.Whenrightsareconsistentlydenied,acauseshouldbepressedinthecourtsandinnegotiationsamonglocalleaders,andnotinthestreets.WeappealtobothourwhiteandNegrocitizenrytoobservetheprinciplesoflawandorderandcommonsense.
BishopC.C.J.Carpenter,D.D.,LL.D.,EpiscopalianBishopofAlabama
BishopJosephA.Durick,D.D.,AuxiliaryBishop,RomanCatholicDioceseofMobile,Birmingham
RabbiMiltonL.Grafman,TempleEmanu-El,Birmingham,Alabama
BishopPaulHardin,MethodistBishopoftheAlabama-WestFloridaConference
BishopNolanB.Harmon,BishopoftheNorthAlabamaConferenceoftheMethodistChurch
Rev.GeorgeM.Murray,D.D.,LL.D,BishopCoadjutor,EpiscopalDioceseofAlabama
Rev.EdwardV.Ramage,Moderator,SynodoftheAlabamaPresbyterianChurchintheUnitedStates
Rev.EarlStallings,Pastor,FirstBaptistChurch,Birmingham,Alabama
April12,1963
"LetterfromBirminghamJail[King,Jr.]"
16April1963
MyDearFellowClergymen:
WhileconfinedhereintheBirminghamcityjail,Icameacrossyourrecentstatementcallingmypresentactivities"unwiseanduntimely."SeldomdoIpausetoanswercriticismofmyworkandideas.IfIsoughttoanswerallthecriticismsthatcrossmydesk,mysecretarieswouldhavelittletimeforanythingotherthansuchcorrespondenceinthecourseoftheday,andIwouldhavenotimeforconstructivework.ButsinceIfeelthatyouaremenofgenuinegoodwillandthatyourcriticismsaresincerelysetforth,IwanttotrytoansweryourstatementinwhatIhopewillbepatientandreasonableterms.
IthinkIshouldindicatewhyIamhereinBirmingham,sinceyouhavebeeninfluencedbytheviewwhicharguesagainst"outsiderscomingin."IhavethehonorofservingaspresidentoftheSouthernChristianLeadershipConference,anorganizationoperatingineverysouthernstate,withheadquartersinAtlanta,Georgia.WehavesomeeightyfiveaffiliatedorganizationsacrosstheSouth,andoneofthemistheAlabamaChristianMovementforHumanRights.Frequentlywesharestaff,educationalandfinancialresourceswithouraffiliates.SeveralmonthsagotheaffiliatehereinBirminghamaskedustobeoncalltoengageinanonviolentdirectactionprogramifsuchweredeemednecessary.Wereadilyconsented,andwhenthehourcameweliveduptoourpromise.SoI,alongwithseveralmembersofmystaff,amherebecauseIwasinvitedhere.IamherebecauseIhaveorganizationaltieshere.
Butmorebasically,IaminBirminghambecauseinjusticeishere.JustastheprophetsoftheeighthcenturyB.C.lefttheirvillagesandcarriedtheir"thussaiththeLord"farbeyondtheboundariesoftheirhometowns,andjustastheApostlePaullefthisvillageofTarsusandcarriedthegospelofJesusChristtothefarcornersoftheGrecoRomanworld,soamIcompelledtocarrythegospeloffreedombeyondmyownhometown.LikePaul,ImustconstantlyrespondtotheMacedoniancallforaid.
Moreover,Iamcognizantoftheinterrelatednessofallcommunitiesandstates.IcannotsitidlybyinAtlantaandnotbeconcernedaboutwhathappensinBirmingham.Injusticeanywhereisathreattojusticeeverywhere.Wearecaughtinaninescapablenetworkofmutuality,tiedinasinglegarmentofdestiny.Whateveraffectsonedirectly,affectsallindirectly.Neveragaincanweaffordtolivewiththenarrow,provincial"outsideagitator"idea.AnyonewholivesinsidetheUnitedStatescanneverbeconsideredanoutsideranywherewithinitsbounds.
YoudeplorethedemonstrationstakingplaceinBirmingham.Butyourstatement,Iamsorrytosay,failstoexpressasimilarconcernfortheconditionsthatbroughtaboutthedemonstrations.Iamsurethatnoneofyouwouldwanttorestcontentwiththesuperficialkindofsocialanalysisthatdealsmerelywitheffectsanddoesnotgrapplewithunderlyingcauses.ItisunfortunatethatdemonstrationsaretakingplaceinBirmingham,butitisevenmoreunfortunatethatthecity'swhitepowerstructurelefttheNegrocommunitywithnoalternative.
Inanynonviolentcampaigntherearefourbasicsteps:
collectionofthefactstodeterminewhetherinjusticesexist;negotiation;selfpurification;anddirectaction.WehavegonethroughallthesestepsinBirmingham.Therecanbenogainsayingthefactthatracialinjusticeengulfsthiscommunity.BirminghamisprobablythemostthoroughlysegregatedcityintheUnitedStates.Itsuglyrecordofbrutalityiswidelyknown.Negroeshaveexperiencedgrosslyunjusttreatmentinthecourts.TherehavebeenmoreunsolvedbombingsofNegrohomesandchurchesinBirminghamthaninanyothercityinthenation.Thesearethehard,brutalfactsofthecase.Onthebasisoftheseconditions,Negroleaderssoughttonegotiatewiththecityfathers.Butthelatterconsistentlyrefusedtoengageingoodfaithnegotiation.
Then,lastSeptember,cametheopportunitytotalkwithleadersofBirmingham'seconomiccommunity.Inthecourseofthenegotiations,certainpromisesweremadebythemerchants--forexample,toremovethestores'humiliatingracialsigns.Onthebasisofthesepromises,theReverendFredShuttlesworthandtheleadersoftheAlabamaChristianMovementforHumanRightsagreedtoamoratoriumonalldemonstrations.Astheweeksandmonthswentby,werealizedthatwewerethevictimsofabrokenpromise.Afewsigns,brieflyremoved,returned;theothersremained.Asinsomanypastexperiences,ourhopeshadbeenblasted,andtheshadowofdeepdisappointmentsettleduponus.Wehadnoalternativeexcepttopreparefordirectaction,wherebywewouldpresentourverybodiesasameansoflayingourcasebeforetheconscienceofthelocalandthenationalcommunity.Mindfulofthedifficultiesinvolved,wedecidedtoundertakeaprocessofselfpurification.Webeganaseriesofworkshopsonnonviolence,andwerepeatedlyaskedourselves:
"Areyouabletoacceptblowswithoutretaliating?
""Areyouabletoenduretheordealofjail?
"WedecidedtoscheduleourdirectactionprogramfortheEasterseason,realizingthatexceptforChristmas,thisisthemainshoppingperiodoftheyear.Knowingthatastrongeconomic-withdrawalprogramwouldbethebyproductofdirectaction,wefeltthatthiswouldbethebesttimetobringpressuretobearonthemerchantsfortheneededchange.
ThenitoccurredtousthatBirmingham'smayoralelectionwascomingupinMarch,andwespeedilydecidedtopostponeactionuntilafterelectionday.WhenwediscoveredthattheCommissionerofPublicSafety,Eugene"Bull"Connor,hadpiledupenoughvotestobeintherunoff,wedecidedagaintopostponeactionuntilthedayaftertherunoffsothatthedemonstrationscouldnotbeusedtocloudtheissues.Likemanyothers,wewaitedtoseeMr.Connordefeated,andtothisendweenduredpostponementafterpostpon