BasicsofTranslation.docx

BasicsofTranslation.docx

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BasicsofTranslation

。

BasicsofTranslation

1.Definition

Translationisthemeansofinformationtransmissionbetweentwolanguages,theculturalinterflowbetweentwotribes.

Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstinterms

ofmeaningandsecondintermsofstyle.----EugeneNida

所谓翻译，是指从语义到文体风格在译入语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息．

2.NatureofTranslation

Sciencevs.Art

3.PrinciplesorCriteriaoftranslation

Questionfordiscussion:

----Shouldthetranslationgivethewordsortheideasoftheoriginal?

---Shouldthetranslationreadlikeanoriginaloratranslation?

----shouldthetranslationreflectthestyleoftheoriginalorthatofhisown?

---Shouldthetranslationofversebeinproseorinverse?

***Translationappreciation

七绝

为女民兵题照

一九六一年二月毛泽东

飒爽英姿五尺枪

曙光初照演兵场

中华儿女多奇志

不爱红装爱武装

Militiawoman

-----Inscriptiononaphoto

February1961

Sobrightandbrave,withriflesfivefeetlong

Atearlydawntheyshineondrillingplace.

MostChinesedaughtershavedesiresostrong

Tofacethepowderandnottopowdertheface.

4.Prerequisitesforagoodtranslator

5.Processoftranslation

（1）Comprehensionandexpression

1.JohnisnowwithhisparentsinNewYorkCity;Itisalreadythreeyearssincehewasabandmaster.

2.Itisgoodforhimtodothat.

3.Johncanbereliedon.Heeatsnofishandplaysthegame.

（2）Literaltranslationvsfreetranslation

1.Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.

2.Hewasadeadshot.However,hemethisWaterloothistime.

3.“Wedon’twanttogotothebank,’’Mamaremindedus.“No,no,”Weallshookourhead.

4.She’dneveragainbelieveanythingintrousers.

5.Hecarriedonhisageastonishinglywell.

6.“I’llhaveCzechwhereIwanther.”

7.LastnightIheardhimdrivinghispigstomarket.

8.

9.Agreetingcardcanwarmaheart,holdahand,lendanear,pataback,lightupaface,tickleafunnybone,dryaneye,surpriseachild,wooasweetheart,toastabride,welcomeastranger,waveagood-bye,shoutabravo,blowakiss,mendaquarrel,easeapain,boostamorale,stopaworryandstartatradition.

10.

***DisparitybetweenEnglishandChinese

1．Synthetic综合vs.Analytic分析性

2．Compact聚集vs.Diffusive流散

3．形合与意合Hypotacticvs.Paratactic

4．Complex复杂vs.Simplex简单

5．Impersonal物称vs.Personal人称

6．Passive被动vs.Active主动

7．Stative静态Vs.Dynamic动态

8．Abstract抽象vs.Concrete具体

9．Indirect间接vs.Direct直接

10．Substitutive替换vs.Reiterative重复

Diction

***Judgingfromthecontext

1.Hewasbadlyhurtinthehead.

2.Hehasagoodheadformaths.

3.Piercewiththeheadofaneedle.

4.Hewasstandingattheheadofthestaircase.

5.Let’sdiscussthequestionunderfiveheads.

6.Headsortails?

7.whereisthehead?

***Judgingfromcollocation.

1.sophisticatedman

2.sophisticatedwoman

3.sophisticatedcolumnist

4.sophisticatedelectronicdevices

5.sophisticatedweapon

Theenemykilledoneofourcomradesandwekilledanenemyagent.

Thepeasantsandworkerswerehandinglovewithoneanotherinthestruggleagainstthelandlordsandcapitalistswhoworkedhandinglovewitheachother

.

***Judgingfromdifferentbranchesoflearningandspecialties

E.g.

1.Thelatheshouldbesetonafirmbase.

2.Asweallknow,abasereactswithanacidtoformasalt.

3.atransistorhasthreeelectrodes,theemitter,thebaseandthecollector

4.LineABisthebaseofthetriangleABC.

5.Heisonthesecondbase.

FalseEquivalence

1.Theyoftentalkhorse.

2.Thatwomanwalksthestreets.

3.I’llreportthatofficial.

4.Themachineisinrepair.

5.Don’tmakeafussofthem!

6.Thatgirlstudentisinthegreen.

7.Thatyoungmanhaslosthisheart.

8.Theoldmanoftentakeshismedicine.

9.Ihaveseenhimthrough.

10.WhereistheBook?

11.We’llstanduptotheproject.

12.Sheisinthedock.

13.Thebossgaveherthesack.

14.Theoldladyhasgonetoherrest.

15.Thatfellowdidhardlaborfor3years.

16.Thewomaninlaborishiswife.

17.I’mnotalittleafraidofsnakes.

18.Wechargedhimtodoit.

19.Wesurprisedhimdoingit.

20.Iboughtsomesaltsyesterday.

21.Doyouknowanythingaboutjapan?

22.Themanisinthedumps.

23.Don’tcallhimnames.

24.Thelittleboyisalovechild.

25.Heisaconfidenceman.

26.Heisamedicineman.

27.Whatheboughtisinvaluable.

28.Thisisadisusedmachine.

29.Heisdisinterestedintheaffairs.

Negation

*1.Allthearticlesinthemuseumareuntouchable.

2.Suchflightcouldn’tlongescapenotice.

*3.Thereisnorulethathasnoexception.

4.Itneverrainsbutitpours.

*5.Hedidn’thalflikethegirl.

6.Icouldn’tfeelbetter.

7.Icouldn’tagreewithyoumore.

8.Ifthatisn’twhatIwant!

9.Hecan’tseeyouquickenough.

*10.Iamnewtothework

11．Heisfreewithhismoney.

*12..Theimportanceofthisconferencecannotbeoverestimated.

13..Youcannotbetoocarefulinyourwork.

*

*Itis+adj+n+that…

14.Itisagoodworkmanthatneverblunders.

15.Itisagoodhorsethatneverstumbles;andagoodwifethatnevergrumbles.

16.Itisaboldmousethatnestlesinacat’sears.

17.Itisafoolishbirdthatfoulsitsownnest.

18.Itisalonglanethathasnoend

从不同的角度传达同样的信息

19.Todaythefirstcolumnofthefrontpageisdevotedtoanimportanteditorial.

20.Feedbymeasureanddefythephysician.

21.Factsspeaklouderthanwords.

从相反的角度

22．Thethoughtofreturningtohisnativelandneverdesertedhim.

索赔信的译文

先生：

OXHJ73091MC合同项目下的硫磺由SANMING轮运卸上海，希望贵方能对中国上海进出口商品检验局检验的结果予以重视。

检验发现该批货物的

纯度：

99。

81%，比合同规定的99。

9%低0。

09%；

酸度:

0.066%,比合同规定的0.01%高0.56%;

碳水化合物：

0。

101%，比合同规定的0、07%高0、031%

随函寄去商检证书第221003号正本一份和运费帐单，现向贵方提出如下索赔：

1．FOB货值2046。

00美圆

2．运费805。

78美圆

3．保险费9。

15美圆

4．商检费2720。

60美圆

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

总计5581、53美圆

若审核无误，请将索赔款项汇付北京中国银行我公司帐户上。

您忠实的

（签名）

Asoilisfounddeepinthegrounditspresencecannotbedeterminedbyastudyofthesurface.Consequently,ageologicalsurveyoftheundergroundrockstructuremustbecarriedout.Ifitisthoughtthattherocksinacertainareacontainoil,a“drillingrig’’isassembled.Themostobviouspartofaofadrillingrigiscalled“aderrick”.Itisusedtoliftsectionsofpipe,whichareloweredintotheholemadebyadrill.Astheholeisbeingdrilled,asteelpipeispusheddowntopreventthesidesfromfallingin.Ifoilisstruck,acoverisfirmlyfixedtothetopofthepipeandtheoilisallowedtoescapethroughaseriesofvalves.

四\报盘是卖方或买方希望按一定的交易条件（包括数量,价格,交货期,付款条件等）成交的愿望.成功的报盘在商业交易中是至关关重要的.根据其本身的决断程度,报盘过去常被分为两类:

实盘和虚盘.当受盘人对报盘中的某些条款不甚满意时,他可以提出一套新的条款或通过对报盘做一些修改来有条件地接受报盘,这就是还盘.事实上,一个还盘就是一个取代原报盘的新的报盘.还盘一经提出,原来的受盘人就成了新的报盘人,而原来的报盘人就成了新的受盘人.新的受盘人可可选择拒绝,再次还盘或接受还盘.

五.在国际贸易中,包装往往分为运输包装和销售包装.前者也被称为大包装或者外包装,后者也被称为小包装或者内包装.运输包装可以用来保护货物并且使它们在运输环节中保持完好,而且易于储存,保管,运输,装卸和计算.结实的包装还可以防止货物被偷或被损坏;合理的包装可以减少运输空间,节约运费.销售包装能使消费者易于挑选,携带或者使用,它还可以起到美化产品,吸引顾客,扩大销量,增加贸易收益等作用.而且,在某种意义上说,包装能反映一个国家在科学技术和文化艺术方面的水平.

三.在一个成交合同中,付款条件是很重要的一部分.就卖方来说,最好的付款条件是当货物出售时就全部收到现金货款,而买方希望先收货,再付款.进口商和出口商远隔千里,这就给达成付款增加了困难.进出口商一般达成妥协,同意采用由一家可靠的银行开立信用证的办法付款.信用证是银行出具的保证,保证提交全套的装运单据后即付货款.这样,卖方或出口商得到的不仅是买方或进口商的保证,而且还有银行保证货物装出后定能收回货款;另一方面,银行也向买方或进口商保证在装运单据没有提交的情况下,决不付款.

六.保险与国际贸易密切相关.在国际贸易中,卖方的货物无论是经陆地运输,还是海运或空运到达买方,都要经过很长的距离并途经装货,卸货及贮藏等一系列环节.在这个过程中,货物极有可能遭遇到各种各样的危险甚至损失.为保护货物在此情况下免遭损失,在装运前,买方或卖方通常会去保险公司为装运的货物保险.

因为在国际贸易中,世界各地货运目前仍有以海运为主,故海运保险是最主要的保险.本单元介绍了惯用的各种不同的保险类型.此外,作为国际贸易商,我们应该努力在保险中获胜,因为它是一种能帮助我们赢得外汇的无形贸易形式.

七.在贸易中,如果买方能证明货物的损失是卖方的责任,即可提出索赔,卖方要向买方补偿.一般来说,运错了货物,货物质量不令人满意,装运破损,短重,丢失,延误,要价过高或与原协议不符都会引起索赔的产生.

还有另一种形式的索赔要求.它的产生是由买方对货物吹毛求疵以逃避难合同的责任引起的,或是买方因能从别处获得更便宜的货物而引起的.

如果买方提出索赔,责任方应仔细调查,迅速解决.我们应该按照有利,有理,有节的原则来处理索赔案件,以使各方都满意.

八．由于石油深埋地下,靠研究地面,不能确定石油的有无,因此对地下层结构必须进行地质探测.如果认为某地区的岩层含石油,则在该处安装”钻机”.钻机中最显眼的部件叫”井架”.井架用来吊升分节油管,把油管放入由钻头打出的孔中.当孔钻成时,放入钢管防止孔壁坍塌.如发现石油,则在油管顶部坚固地加盖,使石油通过一系列阀门流出.

*Dr.Smithresumedtheactivitiesofanti-cancerexperimentbegunin1945andfinancedbytheFederalgovernmentassoonashesnappedfromhisoriginaldis-appointmentatrepeatedfailures,whichhadresultedinitsforcedsuspension.

史密斯医生于1945年开始着手由联邦政府资助的抗癌实验.他由于屡遭失败而感到沮丧,被近终止了实验工作.现在他又重新振作起来,恢复了抗癌实验活动.

汉译英讲义

1.2.12）Wemustbecourageousenoughtoventureonexperimentsasfarasreformsareconcerned.

4）---Unfortunatelypowdercouldnotsmoothoverherwrinkledface.Itonlymadeitlooklikeafrosteddonkeyturd.

----Theonlypitywasthatpowderfailedtohideallthewrinklesonherface,whichlookedlikeadonkey’segg-shapeddroppings,coveredwithalayeroffrost.

1.2.2--1.6milliontroopshavebeenmobilizedtohelpprotectthedikesandtomovepeopleoutofareasbeingflooded.

3）Bytheendoflastyear,contractsoragreementsweresighedwithsomecountriesfortheconstructionofsuspensionbridgesinShanghai.

SuspensionBridge-

abridgeinwhichtheroadwaydeckissuspendedfromcablesthatpassovertwotowers;thecablesareanchoredinhousingsateitherendofthebridge

5）inmostcollegesanduniversities,thedecision-makingrightshavebeengiventothedepartmenthead.

7）Customersallovertheworldarewarmlywelcometoestablishanddevelopbusinesscontactswithus.

********Attitudestowardsretirementvaryfrompersontoperson.2）somepeoplethinkthattheywillenjoytheirtimeinretircment,3）butwhenitcomestheymayfeelalittledisappointed.4）Unwillingtoresignthemselvestotheprospectofbeingputonthescrapheap,theytrytoseekalternativeoutletsfortheirenergiesandalternativesourcesofincomethatemploymentcanprovide.5）Othershavealreadypreparedthemselvesforthes