93阅读及答案.docx

93阅读及答案.docx

《93阅读及答案.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《93阅读及答案.docx（16页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

93阅读及答案

 93年Passage1

Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?

JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickⅡinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.

 Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.

 TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.

 Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsaboutl,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar.

 Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman’sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern"toy-bear".Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.

Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild’sbabbling（咿呀学语）,graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild’snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.

21.ThepurposeofFrederickII’sexperimentwas_________

 [A]toprovethatchildrenarebornwiththeabilitytospeak

 [B]todiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumanspeech

 [C]tofindoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldplayinteachingachildtospeak

 [D]toprovethatachildcouldbedamagedwithoutlearningalanguage

22.Thereasonsomechildrenarebackwardinspeakingismostprobablythat_________

 [A]theyareincapableoflearninglanguagerapidly

 [B]theyareexposedtotoomuchlanguageatonce

 [C]theirmothersrespondinadequatelytotheirattemptstospeak

 [D]theirmothersarenotintelligentenoughtohelpthem

23.Whatisexceptionallyremarkableaboutachildisthat__________

 [A]heisbornwiththecapacitytospeak

 [B]hehasabrainmorecomplexthanananimal’s

 [C]hecanproducehisownsentences

 [D]heoweshisspeechabilitytogoodnursing

24.WhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeinferredfromthepassage?

 [A]Thefacultyofspeechisinborninman.

 [B]Encouragementisanythingbutessentialtoachildinlanguagelearning.

 [C]Thechild’sbrainishighlyselective.

 [D]Mostchildrenlearntheirlanguageindefinitestages.

25.Ifachildstartstospeaklaterthanothers,hewill________

 [A]haveahighIQ                            [B]belessintelligent

 [C]beinsensitivetoverbalsignals          [D]notnecessarilybebackward

 Passage2

 Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucratic（官僚主义的）managementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand"human-relations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblue-andthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.

 Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.

 Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasforthetightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyaretestedagainandagain---bythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.

 AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth-century"freeenterprise"capitalism?

Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities----thoseofloveandofreason----aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.

26.By"awell-oiledcoginthemachinery"theauthorintendstorendertheideathatmanis ______

[A]anecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividual’sfunctionisnegligible

[B]workingincompleteharmonywiththerestofthesociety

[C]anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofthesociety,thoughfunctioningsmoothly

[D]ahumblecomponentofthesociety,especiallywhenworkingsmoothly

27.Therealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat_____

[A]theyarelikelytolosetheirjobs

[B]theyhavenogenuinesatisfactionorinterestinlife

[C]theyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistence

[D]theyaredeprivedoftheirindividualityandindependence

28.Fromthepassagewecaninferthatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose

[A]whoareatthebottomofthesociety

[B]whoarehigherupintheirsocialstatus

[C]whoprovebetterthantheirfellow-competitors

[D]whocouldkeepfarawayfromthiscompetitiveworld

29.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould

[A]resorttotheproductionmodeofourancestors

[B]offerhigherwagestotheworkersandemployees

[C]enablemantofullydevelophispotentialities

[D]takethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted

30.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof________

[A]approval         [B]dissatisfaction    [C]suspicion      　[D]tolerance

Passage3

 Whenaninventionismade,theinventorhasthreepossiblecoursesofactionopentohim:

hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingit,keeptheideasecret,orpatentit.

Agrantedpatentistheresultofabargainstruckbetweenaninventorandthestate,bywhichtheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopoly（垄断）andpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiodterminates.

 Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstancesisthelifespanofapatentextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessofevents.

 ThelongestextensionevergrantedwastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitrywasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVtoreceiveandthusnohopeofrewardfortheinvention.

 Becauseapatentremainspermanentlypublicafterithasterminated,theshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothepatentofficecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseand,ifolderthanhalfacentury,sometimesevenre-patent.Indeed,patentexpertsoftenadviseanyonewishingtoavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthroughlivepatentsthattheonesurewayofavoidingviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewise,becausepublicationofanideainanyotherformpermanentlyinvalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatidea,itistraditionallysafetotakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceisbasedonthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity.

 Anyonecloselyinvolvedinpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasare,infact,asoldasthehills.Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice,eitherthroughnecessityordedication,orthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology,thatmakesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryofmagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevis