高中英语人教大纲第三册Unit14 Zoology备课资料.docx
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高中英语人教大纲第三册Unit14Zoology备课资料
2019-2020年高中英语(人教大纲)第三册:
Unit14Zoology(备课资料)
Ⅰ.异域风情
1.CatsinEgypt
Itseemsthatthereisnomiddlegroundwhenitestocats.Peopleeitherlovethemorhatethem.Thesefeelingsarenotneweither.Allthroughhistory,catshavebeenworshipedorhated.Astudyofancientwritingsandevidencefoundintombsindicatesthatforthepast5000years,catshavebeenkeptaspetsinChina,Arabia,Egypt,andIndia.Thismaynotseemverylongparedtothefactthatdogshavebeendomesticatedfor50000years.Theperiodinwhichcatshavebeendomesticatedmaybequiteshort,butithasdefinitelyhaditshighandlowpoints.
CatswereattheirhighestpositionofdomesticatedlifeinancientEgypt.ThereweremorecatslivinginEgyptduringthetimeofthepharaohsthaninanyotherplaceintheworldsincethattime.Thishighconcentrationofcatswasprobablyduetothelawsprotectingtheanimal.Catswereassociatedwiththemoongoddess,Bast,sotheEgyptiansworshipedthemasholyanimals.Ifanyonewascaughtkillingacat,thepersoncouldbeputtodeath.FamiliesinEgyptalsomournedthedeathofacatandhadthebodyofthedeadcatwrappedinclothbeforeitwasfinallylaidtorest.ThisrespectforcatscarriedovertotheRomanEmpirewherecatsweretheonlyanimalsallowedintotemples.Thisfactwasprobablyduetotheabilityofcatstokeepthetemplesfreeofmiceandrats.
WiththeingoftheDarkAgesinEurope,theplaceofcatsinsocietytookaturnfortheworse.Becausetheywereassociatedsocloselywiththe“oldreligions”inEgyptandintheRomanEmpire,christiansbegantoassociatecatswithpaganbeliefs.Catshadareputationashelpersofwitches.Whenapersonwasaccusedofbeingawitch,acatwouldoftenbeputontrialwiththeperson.Thecatwouldbetorturedtotryandmakethepersontellthetruth,andusuallythecatandthepersonwouldendupbeingburnedinabonfireordrowned.Bonfiresofcollectedcatswerenotunmonduringthistime.
Thedaysofhuntingwitcheshaveended,butafewmythsaboutcatsstillholdout.Forawhile,peopleinsomeplacesusedtoburylivecatsincementundernewbuildingsforgoodluck.Aswell,manypeopletodaycontinuetobelievethatblackcatsarebadluck.Ifablackcatwalksinfrontofaperson,thatpersonmusttakeextracareinthenearfuturetowatchoutfordangeroussituations.
Regardlessofsuperstition,catsremainapopularpettoday.Someauthoritiesoncatsmaintainthatacatcannevertrulybedomesticatedbecauseitmayturnwildandrunawayatanytime.However,thisclaimhasnotdeterredpeoplefromkeepingcatsintheirhomes.One-thirdofhomesintheUnitedStateshavecats,andoneoutofeverythreeofthesehomeskeepsbothadogandacatliving.Inlargecities,manypeopleinapartmentshavefoundthatcatsmakemuchbetterpetsthandogs.
2.AmericanBlackBears
Americanblackbearsappearinavarietyofcolorsdespitetheirname.Intheeasternpartoftheirrange,mostofthesebearshaveshinyblackfur,butinthewesttheygrowbrown,red,orevenyellowcoats.Tothenorth,theblackbearisactuallygrayorwhiteincolor.Eveninthesamelitter(一胎所生的小动物),bothbrownandblackfurredbearsmaybeborn.
BlackbearsarethesmallestofallAmericanbears,ranginginlengthfromfivetosixfeet,weighingfromthreehundredtofivehundredpounds.Theireyesandearsaresmallandtheireyesightandhearingarenotasgoodastheirsenseofsmell.
Likealltheotherbears,theblackbearistimid,clumsyandrarelydangerous,butifattacked,mostcanclimbtreesandcovergroundatgreatspeed.Whenangryorfrightened,itisaformidable(可怕的)enemy.
Blackbearsfeedonleaves,herbs,roots,fruit,beries,insects,fishandevenlargeranimals.Oneofthemostinterestingcharacteristicsofbears,includingtheblackbear,istheirwintersleep.Unlikesquirrels,woodchucks,andmanyotherwoodlandanimals,bearsdonotactuallyhibernate.Althoughthebeardoesnoteatduringthewintermonths,sustainingitselffrombodyfat,itstemperatureremainsalmostnormal,anditbreathesregularlyfourorfivetimesperminute.
Mostblackbearslivealone,exceptduringmating(交配)season.Theyprefertoliveincaves,hollowlogs,ordensethickets(灌木丛).AlitterofonetofourcubsisborninJanuaryorFebruaryafteragestation(怀孕)periodofsixtoninemonths,andtheyremainwiththeirmotheruntiltheyarefullygrownoraboutoneandahalfyearsold.Blackbearscanliveaslongasthirtyyearsinthewild,andevenlongerinpreserves(禁猎地)setasideforthem.
3.TheBuffalo
ThebuffaloisthelargestNorthAmericananimal.Itweighsasmuchasxxpounds.Itliveswithotherbuffaloingroupsorherds.Twohundredyearsago,therewere60millionbuffalo.TheylivedalloverthecenterofNorthAmerica.Therewerethousandsofherds.Oneherdwastwentymileslongandtwentymileswide.ThebuffalofollowedthegrassandtheIndiansfollowedthebuffalo.
TheIndiansusedthebuffaloformanythings.Theyuseditformeat.Sometimestheyatefreshmeat.Sometimestheydriedthemeatinthesun.Thentheyateitlater.TheIndiansalsousedtheskin,orhideofthebuffalo.Fromthehidetheymadetents,clothes,shoes,hats,andrope.Theywastednothing.Buttimeschanged.
PeoplefromotherlandscametoAmerica.Theseimmigrantscrossedthecountryinwagontrains(货车).Theykilledthebuffaloforfoodandhides.Moreandmorepeoplecame.Andeveryonewantedleather.Hunterswithgunskilledthebuffaloonlyfortheirhides.Theywastedeverythingelse.Thesehunterswereverygoodattheirjob.By1900,therewerefewerthanthirtybuffaloalive.
Today,thereareabout30000buffaloinAmerica.Butherdsareverysmall.YoucanseetheminstateslikeWyoming.Sometimesyoucanbuybuffalomeatatarestaurant.Butyouwillneverseeaherdofbuffaloasbigasacity.
Ⅱ.知识归纳
1.强调句型
强调句型的结构形式为“It+be的适当形式+被强调成分+that/who+其他”。
在该句型中,it无实际意义,且不可用this或that替换;若原句的谓语用了现在时或将来时,则be动词用is;若原句的谓语动词用了过去时,用be动词用was。
有时为了表达需要,也可在be前加上may/might/must等情态动词;若被强调部分是人,引导词用who或that均可;若是强调其他部分,则一律用that。
翻译时常加上“正是……;就是……”等字眼,以突现其强调含义。
ItisChinathatwillhostthexxOlympicsinBeijing.
正是中国将在北京举办xx年奥运会。
ItwasthefilmHEROthatmadehimknowZhangYimou.
就是电影《英雄》使他认识了张艺谋。
[用法透视]
(1)强调角度及运用
①强调主语、宾语或状语
ItwasJohnwho/thatbroketheglassyesterday.(强调主语)
Itismewho/thatyoushouldhelp.(强调宾语)
Itwasatthegatethathetoldmethenews.(强调地点状语)
②强调状语从句
Itwasbeforetheygottothecinemathatthefilmhadalreadybegun.(强调时间状语从句)
ItwasbecauseLiPingwasillthathedidn’tetoschoollastweek.(强调原因状语从句)
Itiswhereyouefromthatyoushouldreturnto.(强调地点状语从句)
Itisasyoulikethatyoumustdoeverything.(强调方式状语从句)
③强调含有“not...until...”结构的句子时,要用“Itis/wasnotuntil...that...”结构。
that后的句子要用肯定句,且须用陈述语序。
Itwasnotuntil1920thatregularradiobroadcastbegan.
④强调含有定语从句的主语、宾语或状语。
ItwasinthelibrarythatwasfoundedbyMrWilliamsthattheyfinishedreadingthefamousnovel.
⑤强调句型和“Itis/was+具体时间+when-clause”句型的区别
该句型意为“当某事发生时,时间在……”。
在该句型中it指时间,且表示时间的词组前无介词,主句的时态和从句的时态是一致的。
主句用将来时,从句用一般现在时表示将来。
若表时间的词组前有介词,则转化为强调句型。
Itwas12:
00whentheyreturnedhome.
他们回家时已经十二点了。
Itwasat12:
00thattheyreturnedhome.
他们就是在十二点回家的。
(2)句型转换及主谓一致
①变为一般疑问句(把主句中的be动词或情态动词提到句首即可)
CoulditbelastweekthathewenttoBeidaiheforsummercamping?
②变为特殊疑问句(须用“特殊疑问句+be或情态动词+it+that...?
”结构)
Wherewasitthatyouwereborn?
Whencoulditbethathewenttoourcountry?
③变为否定疑问句(须在主句上进行变化)
Couldn’titbebyplanethathewenttoFrance?
④强调句型的反意疑问句(须与主句一致)
ItwasatelevenlastnightthatIknewthegoodnews,wasn’tit?
⑤强调句型的主谓一致问题(即使被强调部分是复数含义,主句的谓语动词仍然用单数形式)
Itistheywhooftenhelpmewithmylessons.
Itwasthesebooksthattheyboughtthedaybeforeyesterday.
2.独立主格结构
(1)独立主格结构的形式
独立主格结构可分为两部分,一部分是名词或代词(主格),起着逻辑主语的作用;另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成,表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。
①名词/代词+形容词
Iheardthatshegotinjuredintheaccident,myheartfullofworry.
我听说她在这场事故中受了伤,内心充满担忧。
Hestoodsilentinthemoonlight,hisdooropen.
月光下,门开着,他默默地站立在那里。
②名词/代词+现在分词
Wintering,itgetscolderandcolder.
冬天来了,天气越来越冷了。
Therainhavingstopped,hewentoutforawalk.
雨停了,他出去散步。
③名词/代词+过去分词
Moretimegiven,weshouldhavedoneitmuchbetter.
如果给我们更多的时间,我们会做得更好。
Theboystoodthere,hisrighthandraised.
那个男生站在那里,高举右手。
④名词/代词(主格)+不定式
Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetoeoutnextmonth.
这是前两卷,第三卷将于下月问世。
Thetwoboyssaidgood-byetoeachother,onetogohome,theothertogotohisfriend’s.
两个男孩彼此道了别,一个回了家,另一个去了他朋友家。
⑤名词/代词+介词短语
Thehuntmanenteredtheforest,guninhand.
那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。
注意:
这里,guninhand还可以说成withaguninhishand,但不可以说aguninhand或guninhishand。
⑥名词/代词+副词
Nobodyin,thethieftookalotofthingsaway.
由于无人看管,小偷拿走了许多东西。
Lunchover,heleftthehouse.Buthewasthinking.
吃过午饭后,他离开了屋子。
但他还在思考。
(2)独立主格结构的功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
①表示时间
Herworkdone,shesatdownforacupoftea.
她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。
②表示条件
Theconditionbeingfavourable,hemaysucceed.
若条件有利,他或许能成功。
③表示原因
Therebeingnotaxis,wehadtowalk.
没有出租车,我们只好步行。
④表示伴随情况
Almostallmetalsaregoodconductors,silverbeingthebestofall.
几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。
Ⅲ.词语辨析
1.argue,discuss,debate
(1)argue重在就自己的看法、立场进行论证说理,以说服他人。
而discuss重在交换意见,进行讨论,不含有说服对方的成分。
Iarguedwithhimforalongtime,butherefusedtolistentothereason.
我和他辩论了好长时间,但他拒不服理。
Thereisnoneedarguingaboutthismatter.
不必就此事辩论了。
Thewomenwerediscussinghats.
女人们在谈论帽子。
I’mgoingtodiscussthequestionwithhim.
我打算和他讨论一下这个问题。
(2)argue可接名词或that从句,不可接what,when,whether等引导的从句和不定式。
discuss可接名词、动名词、不定式短语和when,whether,what等引导的从句,但不可接that从句
Hearguedthattheexperimentcouldbedoneinanotherway.
他争辩说实验可以用另一种方式来进行。