英语学士论文五四运动时期汉语和现代汉语中外来词之比较.docx
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英语学士论文五四运动时期汉语和现代汉语中外来词之比较
“五四运动”时期汉语和现代汉语中外来词之比较
[摘要]语言是一种社会现象,它随着社会的发展而发展。
不同历史时期,语言呈现不同特点,外来词便是不同语言接触的历史见证。
一种语言对另一种语言最简单的影响就是词的“借贷”。
外来词正是这种文化交流和融合的产物。
因此,可以从外来借词中窥见文化的方方面面,并通过词语借用方式来发掘沉积在一个民族心理结构中的深层内蕴。
作为汉语新增词汇的来源之一,外来词在文化交流中起了举足轻重的作用,并影响到社会生活的各个方面。
五四时期是外来词引入的一次高潮,同现代汉语中外来词相比,它们在引入领域、接受程度、传播方式、翻译及影响上有诸多异同之处。
通过五四时期和现代汉语中外来词之比较,及其语言特点,可以影射不同时期文化的交流情况及语言的文化沉淀。
语言通过文字符号来表达思想的交流,它反映出世界的不断发展与变化,极富灵活性。
作为语言最敏感、最活跃因素的词汇,则是观察社会生活变化的一个窗口,是反映社会生活的一面镜子。
外来词的作用在于:
一是吸收异文化、新概念,补充本民族语言自身,促进本民族社会及文化的发展;二是促进不同民族更方便的交流。
外来词的吸收不仅有助于我们学习外国和其他民族的先进经验和技术,而且会大大地丰富汉语词汇的宝库。
本文旨在探讨不同历史时期社会的发展对词汇的影响。
[关键词]外来词;汉语
AcomparisonoftheChineseLoanWords
in“May4Movement”PeriodandModernTimes
Abstract:
Languageisasocialphenomenon,whichisdevelopingasthedevelopmentofsociety.Itdemonstratesdifferentcharacteristicsindifferentperiods,andloanwordsarethewitnessofhistoricalcontactoflanguages.Thesimplestwayofalanguageinfluencinganotherisborrowing.Andloanwordsaretheveryresultofculturecontactandintegration.So,wecanfindsomeculturalaspectsthroughthewords,anddigouttheinnerculturalpsychologyofanationbythewayshowwordsareborrowed.AsasourceofChinesenewwords,loanwordsplayanimportantpartinculturalcommunicationandaffectpeople’sdailylives.During“May4Movement”period,borrowedwordscomeintoChineseinlargenumbers.Comparedwiththeonesinmoderntimes,theydistinguishintheprevailingfields,acceptancedegree,spreadmanner,translationandinfluence.Languageiscommunicationofthoughtsandfeelingsthroughasystemofwrittensymbols,anditreflectsconstantchangeshappeningintheworldandamongitspeople.Itcannotberegulatedandshouldnotbelegislated.Asthemostactiveandsensitivepartinalanguage,vocabularyisamirrorwhichreflectsthevariationofsociallives.Theeffectofloanwordsliesin:
ononehand,absorbforeigncultureandnewconceptstocompletethenationallanguageitself,andtoenhancethedevelopmentofsocietyandculture.Ontheotherhand,promotethecommunicationbetweendifferentnations.Theintroductionofloanwordnotonlyhelpuslearnadvancedexperienceandtechnologyfromothercountriesandnations,butalsoenlargeChinesevocabularyatthesametime.Thispaperaimstodiscoverthelanguagetrendsindifferenttimesassocietydeveloping,whichisreflectedbythevocabularyaccumulation.
Keywords:
loanword,borrowedword,Chinese
Contents
1Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………1
2LiteratureReview………………………………………………………………………………2
3WordFormation…………………………………………………………………………………3
3.1Definitionofloanword………………………………………………………………………3
3.2Backgroundofwordborrowingindifferenttimes…………………………………………4
3.3Factorsthatpromotewordborrowing………………………………………………………7
3.4Characteristicsofloanword………………………………………………………………10
4InfluenceofLoanWord………………………………………………………………………11
4.1Historicalsignificance……………………………………………………………11
4.2Fieldswhereloanwordsstart………………………………………………………12
4.3Theacceptanceofforeignword……………………………………………………14
4.4HowEnglishloanwordsculturallyimpactonChineseinthenewera……………15
5TranslationofLoanWords……………………………………………………………16
5.1Standardization……………………………………………………………………………17
5.2Translationpatterns…………………………………………………………………………18
5.3HowarewordsexchangedbetweenEnglishandChinese…………………………………19
6LanguageDevelopment……………………………………………………………22
7Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………23
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………24
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………25
Appendix(Translation)………………………………………………………………………26
1Introduction
Loanwordsarewordsadoptedbythespeakersofonelanguagefromadifferentlanguage(thesourcelanguage).ThehistoryofloanwordsinChinesecanbedividedintothreestages:
loanwordsofancientChinese,loanwordsofmodernChineseandloanwordsofcontemporaryChinese.EachhasitsownstrongpeculiarityduetotheprogressofChineseandChinesesociety.
Languageisasocialphenomenon,whichdevelopswiththedevelopmentofsociety.Itdemonstratesvariouscharacteristicsindifferenttimes.Andloanwordsarethewitnessofthelanguagecommunication.Onelanguageaffectsanotherbyborrowingbroadly,andloanwordsaregeneratedthroughthisculturalcontactandinteraction.So,wecandiscovermanyaspectsofsocietyandculturalpsychologyofanation.AcomparisonoftheChineseloanwordsin“May4Movement”Periodandmoderntimeshelpstounderstandthelanguagecharacteristics,culturalcommunicationandvocabularyevolution.
Loanwordsorganizedalongachronological-thematicframework.ItwillbrieflyrevealtheearlydaysoftranslatingAmericanandBritishfictionanddramaintoChinese,thesocialcontextinwhichthesetranslationsweredone,theliteraryideaswhichhaveaffectedtheworkofChinesewriters,andthesocialimpactthattranslatedworksofliteratureandliterarytheoryhavehadinvariousperiodsofliterature.
Borrowingisaconsequenceofculturalcontactbetweentwolanguagecommunities.Borrowingofwordscangoinbothdirectionsbetweenthetwolanguagesincontact,butoftenthereisanasymmetrywhenmorewordsgofromonesidetotheother.Inthiscase,thesourcelanguagecommunityhassomeadvantageofpower,prestigeorwealth,whichmakesthedesirableandusefulobjectsandideastotheborrowinglanguagecommunity.Themainreasonforusingborrowedwordsisthatnewelementsareintroducedfromanotherculture,buttherearenoproperwordsinthereceivinglanguagetonameitorexplainit.Consequently,thenewwordissimplyaddedwithsomevariations.
Inretrospect,languageisabletocleanseitself,withorwithoutstatutoryregulation.SomewordsthatsoundedalientomostChineseintheMay4thNewCultureMovementin1919arethecatchphrasesoftoday.Theywithstandthetestofthrivingorvanishing.Meanwhile,somewordsrepeateddayandnightjustdecadesagocouldnowonlybefoundinthearchivesorhistorybooks.
2LiteratureReview
Thesubjectofloanwordshasdrawnattentionandinterestofmanylexicologyexperts.Theydoresearchonthistopicfromnewviewpoint.
ShiYouweiinsiststhatlanguagecontacthastworelativecharacteristics:
theinequivalenceinnewcontactofdifferentnationsismoreprominent,anditplaysmoreimportanceatpresent.Therearethreefactorstoaffectthedevelopmentofloanwords:
featuresoflanguageandculture,languagepolicyandconditionofforeignlanguages,andcharacteristicsofpoliticsandeconomics.”(1998.10)
InNewFormationofChineseLoan-wordsandTheirRegulations,CaiMeiwrites:
“Inthepast20years,esp.sincethereformandopeningtotheoutsideofChina,alargenumberofloan-wordshavebeengraduallybroughtintomodernChineselanguage.Itispartlybecauseofourrapideconomicdevelopmentandpartybecauseofadvancementinscienceandtechnologyalloverthecountry.Thesenewly-bornloan-wordsvaryinformation.Absorbingnewwordsisnotsimplequotation,buttoalteraccordingtopronunciation,meaningandformstoadapttotherulesofwordformationinChinese”(2003.9)
InthepaperOnthePrevalenceofChineseBorrowingsfromEnglish,LiChengjunputsitinthisway:
“ThroughtheanalyzingofthebasicmodelsandfeaturesofEnglishloanwordsinChinese,itfindstheprevalencetrendsofloanwords.Thetransliterationisarisingwhilethefreetranslationislesserthanbefore.Itisinaccordancewiththeregulationsoflanguagedevelopment”(2002.1)
InMyViewontheScopeandDefinitionofLoanwords,SongYangholdsthatloanwordsaretheonesborrowedfromforeigncountries,affectedbytheirculture,butalsorestrictedbyChinesepronunciation,meaningandcharacters.Themeansofproducingloanwordsincludeliteraltranslation,freetranslationandamixtureofbothsometimes.(2006.8)
WangJinmeiwritesinherarticleTheAbsorptionofLoanWordsandthePurityofChinese,asnewthingsandconceptsenterChinainlargequantityandatahighspeed,manypeoplefearthattheloanwordswilldestroythepurityofChinese.WeshouldrecognizethattheyenrichthevocabularyofChinese,andrespondactivelytoputthenewwordsintousefulapplication.(2006.5)
InTheHistoryofWordsBorrowingandFeatures,WangShujianholdstheopinionthatthepenetrationofwordsisinevitableaslongascontactbetweenlanguagesexists.Whetheroneextendsitsrangeortheotherborrowsbecauseofitsownnecessity,theprocessgivesvitalitytothelanguageandbringsconveniencetocommunication.(2005.5)
3WordFormation
Aloanwordcanalsobecalledaborrowing.Theabstractnounborrowingreferstotheprocessofspeakersadoptingwordsfromasourcelanguageintotheirnativelanguage."Loan"and"borrowing"aremetaphors,becausethereisnoliterallendingprocess.Thereisnotransferfromonelanguagetoanother,andno"returning"wordstothesourcelanguage.Thewordssimplycometobeusedbyaspeechcommunitythatspeaksadifferentlanguagefromtheonethesewordsoriginatedin.
3.1Definitionofloanword
Aloanwordreferstoatermthatwasborrowedfromanotherlanguage.Borrowingisamethodforalanguagetoaddnewwordsfromotherlanguagesintoitsownsystem.Thatis,it“takesoverwordsfromotherlanguages.”(GeorgeYule,TheStudyofLanguage,p.65)InEnglish,borrowingbelongstooneoftheprocessesofDerivationalMorphology.Aloanwordisaworddirectlytakenintoonelanguagefromanotherwithlittleornotranslation.Thecalqueorloantranslationisarelatedprocesswherebythemeaningoridiomthatisborrowedratherthanthelexicalitemitself.
Thosewhofirstusethenewwordmightuseitatfirstonlywithspeakersofthesourcelanguagewhokn