语言学教程复习资料胡壮麟.docx
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语言学教程复习资料胡壮麟
语言学教程复习资料-胡壮麟
第一章
1.Whatislanguage?
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication
2.Designfeaturesoflanguage
①Arbitrariness(任意性)referstotheformsof linguisticsigns bearnonaturalrelationshiptotheir meaning.(soundsandmeanings)
②Duality(二层性):
Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.
③Productivity/creativity(创造性):
Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
④Displacement(移位性):
HumanLanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atmomentofcommunication.(p7)
3.Functionsoflanguage
① Informative(信息功能):
togiveinformationaboutfacts.(ideational)
② Interpersonal(人际功能):
toestablishandmaintainsocialstatusinasociety.(age,sex,language,background,accent,status)
③ Performative(施为功能):
languageisusedtodothings,toperformcertainactions.(name,promise,apologize,sorry,declare)
④.Emotive/Expressive (情感功能):
toexpressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.
⑤Phaticcommunion(寒暄交流):
tousesmallandmeaninglessexpressionstoestablishacomfortablerelationshipormaintainsocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.(Health,weather)
⑥ Recreationalfunction(娱乐):
theuseoflanguageforsheerjoy.(lyrics,poetry)
⑦Metalingualfunction(元语言功能):
totalkaboutlanguageitself.
4.Whatislinguistics?
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedas thescientificstudyoflanguage.
5.Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics
Descriptive&prescriptive
Synchronic&diachronic
Langue&parole
Competence&performance
6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describeandanalyzelinguisticfactsorthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)
Prescriptive(规定性)—laydownrulesfor “correctandstandard” linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar:
“neveruseadoublenegative”)
7.Synchronicstudy (共时)—descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)
Diachronicstudy(历时)— descriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)
第四章
1.WhatisSyntax (句法)?
Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningtheways differentconstituents arecombinedtoform sentences.句法就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则
2.FourApproaches:
The traditional approach传统语言观 (Partsofspeech、SyntacticFunction不考、Category范畴、Concordandgovernment一致关系和支配关系)、The structural approach结构语言观、The generative approach、The functional approach功能语言观
3.Thetraditionalgrammarregardssentencesas asequenceofwords ,soitpaysgreatattentiontothestudyof words ,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsof partsofspeech ,theidentificationoffunctionofwordsintermsof subject,predicate ,etc.
4.Partsofspeech
Traditionalgrammardefines8partsofspeech:
nouns,verbs,pronouns,adjectives,adverbs,prepositions,conjunctionsandinterjections.
5.Theterm Category范畴 insomeapproachesreferstowordclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,范畴这一术语狭义上是指词类和功能eg.Noun,Verb,Subject,Predicate.Morespecifically,itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofthesegeneralunits:
thecategoriesofthenoun名词的范畴,includenumber,gender,caseandcountability(case);
thecategoriesoftheverb动词的范畴:
tense,aspect,voice,etc.
6.Number ismostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun名词和不可数名词.
Twotermsofnumberinnouns:
singularandplural单数和复数
Numberisalsoreflectedintheinflectionsofpronounsandverbs
7.Gender isalsomostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun.
InEnglish,thegenderdistinctionsareonthewholenatural,determinedbythebiologicalgenderofthecreature.
8.Case isusedintheanalysisofwordclassestoidentifythesyntacticrelationshipbetweenwordsinasentence.在词类分析中,格范畴用来辨别句子中词之间的句法关系
InEnglish,pronounshavethreecasesofnominative主格,accusative受格,andgenitive与格.Nounshavetwoofgeneralandgenitive所有格
InEnglish,thecaseofnounisrealizedinthreechannels:
(a)inflection(b)followingapreposition(c)wordorder
9.Tense时态:
theabsolutelocationofaneventoractionontime.Itismarkedbyaninflectionoftheverb.Asaresult,thereareonlytwotensesrecognizednow:
pastandpresent.
Sincethefuturetimedoesnotinvolveanyinflectionoftheverb,wedonotrefertoa“futuretense”,eventhoughinmanydifferentwayswecantalkaboutthefuture.
10.Aspect体:
Ithasnothingwithtime,andittellsuswhetheranactionisongoingorcompleted.
Perfective(完成体) andImperfective(进行体)
PerfectiveandProgressive(inEnglish)
11.Voice语态:
describetherelationshipbetweenverbandsubject
Passive被动语态 andactive主动语态
12. Concord andgovernment
①Concord (一致关系) refersto agreement betweenwords,especiallybetweena verb andthe subject ofasentence.
②Government (支配关系) isatypeofgrammaticalrelationshipbetweentwoormoreelementsinasentence.
Intraditionalgrammar,thetermgovernmenthastypicallybeenusedtorefertotherelationshipbetween verbsandnouns orbetweenprepositionsandnouns.
13.TheStructuralApproach ,由FerdinanddeSaussure提出
14.SyntacticRelations:
Positionalrelations位置关系、Relationsofsubstitutability替代关系、Relationsofco-occurrence同现关系
15.Immediateconstituent (直接成分) isanymeaningfulconstituentatthefirststepinananalysis.
16.An endocentricconstruction (向心结构) isaconstructionthatcontains:
1)a head,whichisthesingleobligatoryelementintheconstruction;
2)oneormore optionalelements subordinatetothehead.
17.theme (主位) referstotheknowninformationwhichisnotnewtothereaderorlistener
Rheme (述位) referstotheinformationthatisnew.Thenewinformationiswhatistobetransmittedtothereaderorlistener
Thelinguistsofthe Prague schoolbelievedthatsentencemaybeanalyzedfromthe functional sideaswellasthe grammatical side.
subject,predicate(grammaticalside)
theme,rheme (functionalside)
第五章
1. WhatisSemantics?
Semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningof words, phrases and sentences.语义学是研究单词、短语和句子的意义的学科
2.GeoffreyLeech利奇Seventypesofmeaning7种意义类型:
①Conceptualmeaning概念意义
②Connotativemeaning内涵意义
③Socialmeaning社会意义
④Affectivemeaning 感情意义 AssociativeMeaning联想意义(②——⑥)
⑤Reflectedmeaning反射意义
⑥Collocativemeaning搭配意义
⑦Thematicmeaning主位意义
3.Conceptualmeaning (概念意义) isalsocalled“denotative”(外延义)anditisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitrefersto.概念意义也叫外延义,它关注词语跟它所指称事物之间的联系
Conceptualmeaning is meaninggiveninthedictionary.
4.Associativemeaning (联想意义) isthetotalofallthemeaningsapersonthinksofwhentheyheartheword
Associativemeaning isthemeaningwhichawordsuggestsorimplies.
5.Thematicmeaning(主位意义) is “whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis.”它是由词序和词语重音所决定的
6. TheReferentialTheory(指称理论):
① TheReferentialTheory
② TheSemanticTriangle
③ SenseandReference
7.Thereferentialtheory 指称理论 isthetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto.指称论是把词语意义跟它所指称的事物联系起来的理论
8.Thesemantictriangle语意三角 isthe indirect relationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoanditismediatedby concept.语意三角指词和所指事物之间没有直接关系,它们是以概念为中介的
9.Sense (涵义) isasetofpropertiespossessedbyaname.
10.Reference (指称) isthesymbolicrelationshipthatalinguisticexpressionhaswiththeconcreteobject.
11.The sense ofanexpressionisthethoughtitexpresses,whileits reference istheobjectitrepresents
Everywordhasasense,butnoteverywordhasareference.
12. SenseRelations涵义关系
①Synonymy(同义关系)
②Antonymy(反义关系) (Gradable、Complementary、Converse)
③Hyponymy(上下义关系)
13.Buttotalsynonymyisrare.Theymaydifferin style, connotations and dialect.
14.Gradableantonymy(等级反义关系) 、Complementaryantonymy(互补反义关系)、Converseantonymy(反向反义关系)
15. Componentialanalysis isanapproachtothestudyofmeaningwhichanalysesawordintoasetof meaningcomponents.
16.SentenceMeaning
17. Senserelationsbetweensentences
① Synonymity(同义)
a.Hewasabachelorallhislife.
b.Henevermarriedallhisboy.
Sentencesaandbareinasynonymousrelationship:
thetruthofonesentencenecessarilyimpliesthetruthofanothersentence
② Inconsistency (矛盾)
a.ElizabethIIisQueenofEngland.
b.ElizabethIIisaman.
Sentencesaandbareinarelationshipofcontradiction:
thetruthofonesentencenecessarilyimpliesthefalsenessofanothersentence.
③ Entailment(蕴涵)
a.Hemarriedablondeheiress.
b.Hemarriedablonde.
Entailmentreferstoakindofmeaninginclusion. Ifxentailsy,themeaningofxisincludediny.
④ Presupposition (前提预设)
Itiswhataspeakerorwriterassumesthatthereceiverofthemessagealreadyknows.
⑤Contradiction (矛盾)
⑥Semanticanomaly (语义反常)
18.Anintegratedtheory
﹡Compositionality(组合性原则):
themeaningofasentencedependsonthemeaningoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombined.
﹡Thissemantictheoryistheintegrationofsyntaxandsemantics
﹡Theirbasicideaisthatasemantictheoryconsistsoftwoparts:
adictionary and asetofprojectionrules
﹡Thedictionaryprovidesthegrammaticalclassificationandsemanticinformationofwords
﹡Theprojectionrulesareresponsibleforcombiningthemeaningsofwordstogether.
19.Logicalsemantics(逻辑语义学)
﹡Aproposition(命题)iswhatistobeexpressedbyadeclarativesentencewhenthatsentenceisutteredtomakeastatement.
﹡Itisthebasicmeaningwhichasentenceexpress.
﹡Averyimportantpropertyofthepropositionisthatithasatruthvalue.
第七章
1.LanguageandCulture:
①Sapir-WhorfHypothesis②EvidenceGivenbyWhorf ③Implicationof