上海后滩.docx

上海后滩.docx

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上海后滩

Post-industrialWaterfrontPlanningandDesignwithMulti-perspectives

----AcasestudyofBailianJingRiverDistrictplanningimplementationproject,ShanghaiExpo

 LIUYue-Qin   LINXuan-Quan 

《JournalofLandscapeArchitectureinAsia》Oct-2008

Abstract:

 Amongthediversecharacteristicsofwaterfrontregenerationofpost-industrialera,recreationalfunctionisoneofthemostimportantofthem.InthecaseofBailianJingRiverdistrictplanningimplementationprogram,ShanghaiExpo,theurbanwaterfrontplananddesignunderthedualchallengesof“post-industrialera”and“greaturbanevent”wasdiscussed.Theproblemsencounteredinupdatingtheindustrialremainswaterfront,forexample,therelationshipbetweenfloodcontrolandrecreation,historicalcontextextension,heatstrokepreventioninsummer,high-densityevacuationofvisitorsflow,theusageproblemsbetweenduringandafterExpo,thecoordinationbetweenpump,watergate,bridgeandenvironmentalproblems,shouldbesolvedinacomprehensivemanner.Thepurposeistoregeneratethepublicwaterfronttoharmonizewiththeurbanenvironments.  

Keywords:

Post-industrialLandscape；ShanghaiExpo；BailianJingRiverDistrict（BJRD）；WaterfrontLandscape；ProblemsandSolutions

1Introduction

1PrefaceIntroduction  

Duetothetransformationofeconomicdevelopmentmodeandthetransportationmeansinthepost-industrialera,alargenumberofwaterfrontswhichusedtobepreoccupiedbyindustrialbasesandterminalportshavebeenundergradualdecline.Sincethe1960s,theWesterndeveloppeddevelopedcountriesbegantostepintothepost-industrialerawhichwascharacterizedbyknowledgeeconomy;leisureactivitiesthencametoplayanremarkableroleinthestructureofpeople'sdailylife.BoththerenewalandreconstructionofthewaterfrontsandContinuouscontinuedeffortsinthedevelopmentoftheleisure  falloweconomyinitiatedfromNorthAmericasincethebeginningoftheerahadclosetieswiththishistoricaltheenvironmentalcontext[1]atthattime. 

ThebanksBothshoresofHuangpuRiverinShanghaiarethebirthplaceofChina’stheChinesemodernindustryandalsotheinitialandemergingareaoftheChinesenationalindustryChina’snationalindustry.AhostofindustrialarchitectureswitnessedthedevelopmentofShanghaiasModernChina’semergingindustrialcity.The2010ShanghaiWorldExpo,asthecomprehensiveExpowiththethemeofcity,willbethefirstcomprehensiveExpotobeheldindevelopingcountriesyfirstly.ThesiteoftheExpoislocatedinthedowntownurbanareabetweentheNanpuBridgeandtheLupuBridgeacrosstheHuangpuRiver.ThisgranteventofShanghaicanserveasaboosterforfurtherdevelopmentofthecityandwillalsoposeaprofoundimpactontheleap-forwarddevelopmentofurbanspace.ThebanksshoresoftheHuangpurivercallsforatransitoffunctionsfromtheindustrialeconomytoconsumereconomyinordertoattractpushpeoplebacktothewaterfrontarea,meanwhiletoextendthehistoricalandcherishedcontextofthisarea.Moreover,theobjectivehereistotransformthisareaintoacomprehensivewaterfrontgreenbeltintegratingdifferentfunctionssuchassight-seeing,leisure,tourismandeducation,therebypromotingingthedevelopmentofShanghaiwatertourismandachievingachievingtherejuvenationregenerationofthecity’surbanwaterfrontarea.（Figure1）  

Fig.1:

 MasterplanofShanghaiWorldExpoin2010andtheplanningscopeof  BJRD

2Multi-perspectiveobjectivesofBailianJingRiverDistrict 

ThestructureofthegreenspacesystemofShanghaiExpoareaconsistsof“onecore,oneaxis,twobeltsandmultiplewedges”.ThewaterfrontgreenbeltiscomposedofBailianJingriversidegreenbelt,theWorldExpoParkandthebackBundPark.WiththeHuangpuRiverinthenorth,themereBailianJingRiverinsidetheExpoParkinthesouth,theExpoVillageintheeastandtheExpoParkinthewest,theBailianJingRiverDistrict（shortforBJRDinthelattercontent）coversanareaof23hectares（Figure2）andisfilledwithquantitiesoffactories,warehouses,wharves,docksandotherfacilities,whicharetypicalproductionsoftheindustrialage.

Fig.2:

 Bird-viewlandscapefromdifferentanglesoftheplanningimplementationprojectsofBJRD

Inviewofthepost-industrialcontextandspecialcharacteristicsoftheExposite,theplanningoftheBJRDshouldfocusonitsgeographicalcharacteristicsandbeorientedtoecology,science,technologyandculture,thethreeofwhichshouldbetakenintoconsiderationinaharmoniousway.ThespecificfunctionoftheBJRDanditsfurtherapplicationaftertheExposhouldbeconsideredinacoordinatedway.Moreover,theimplementationoftheBJRDshouldbecarriedoutinharmonywiththesurroundingfacilitiessuchasbridge,pump-gateandrevetmenttocreateadynamicanddiversecomprehensivepublicwaterfrontspace（Figure3）.

Fig.3:

 MasterplanofBJRDandanalysischarts

3Siteproblemsandlandscapesolutions

Fromthetrendof  "fearofwater"intheindustrialeraoftothetrendof"closetowater"inpost-industrialera,fromdocksandterminalsinthepasttothedynamicwaterfrontpublicspacenowadays,allofwhichhaveshowntherelationshipbetweenhumanandnatureisharmoniousandunified,ratherthanconfrontationandconflicts.Onthebasisofrisingthelandscapeconcernofpost-industrialeraonecologicalenvironment,the re-utilizationofindustrialwastesanddiversificationofleisurepatterns[2],theplanningofBJRDshouldfocusonsolvingseveralmajorsiteproblemsandachievingthetransformationofseveralconcepts,namely,therelationshipbetweenfloodcontrolandwater-enjoyablerecreation,historicalcontextextension,heatstroke-preventionandtemperature-coolinginsummer,high-densityvisitingflowsofevacuationandassembling,theusageproblemsbetweenduringandafterExpo,thecoordinationbetweenpump,water-gate,bridgeandenvironmentandsoon.

3.1Problemsandsolutionsonflood-controlandwater-enjoyablerecreation

Intheindustrialage,highembankments（mostlyinhardverticalway）arebuiltforfloodcontrolandthecitysafeguard.Thiskindofprotectionisnotonlycostlybutalsocanbringunsatisfactoryresultssinceitmaybreakthenaturalbalancebetweenthewaterandthegreenery,whichcouldnotsolvetheproblemcompletely.Since1990s,viewsontheregulationofrivertendedtochangeallovertheworld.Firstly,countrieslikeSwitzerland,GermanyandJapanputforwardtheconceptof“naturalbankrevetment”toreplacethetraditionalviewof“pavingbankrevetment”.Secondly,changestookplaceintheconceptoffloodcontrolfromadoptingmeasuresof“bendcut-off”inthepasttotoday’smeasuresof“pluggingcombinedwithdredging,flooddischargingalongwithsluicing” [3].

SinceBailianJingwaterfrontgreenspaceinpost-industrialerashoulddealwithfloodcontrolandwaterrecreation,the"GreeneryWave"conceptareproposedfromthreedifferentperspectives.Firstly,themacro-perspectiveofthe"City•GreenWave"isundertheurbanopenspaceandstructureofgreenspace.Secondly,themid-perspectiveofthe"HuangpuRiver•GreenWave"isunderwaterfrontpublicspace.Lastly,themicro-perspectiveofthe"Expo•GreenWave"isunderthefunctionalstructureoftheExpopark.Theconcept"wave"impliestheongoingpowerandthetransferoffunctionlikewavesafterwaves.Throughthecreativeideaof“wave”,thegapbetweentoday'sHuangpuRiverandthewholeShanghaicityisexpectedtobenolongerinsurmountable..

Inthespecificdesign,themethodofreusingoldfloodpreventionwallandsettingnaturalecologicalrevetmenttoconstructadiversifiedwaterspaceofdifferentlevelswillbeusedtoappealpeoplebacktothewaterfronttoenjoythechangeoftideandappreciatetheenhancingbeautyofthenature.

TherearetworiversflowinginBJRD,oneistheHuangpuRiverdesignatedwiththemillennium-floodcontrolcriterions,andtheotheriswould-beinnerriver---BailianJingRiver.Inlightofthedifferentrivertypes,theyshouldbedealtwithindifferentmeasures.

3.1.1BankrevetmentspacedesigninHuangpuRiver

AsthemotherriverofShanghai,theHuangpuRiverisamediumintensitytidalriverwithtwoebbsandflowseveryday.Theaveragehightidefortheriveris+3.14meter,withtheaveragelowtide+1.29meter.Groundelevation alongtheriverisabout+4.20meter,withthehighestwaterlevelin10yearsupto+4.73m,in100yearsupto+5.18meterin1000yearsupto+5.70meter,andtheheightoffloorpreventionwallisdesignedtobe+6.70meter.

Neithertheone-layerflood-preventionwallsinPuxiBundnorthetwo-layerterracefloodembankmentinLuJiazuicanfundamentallysolvethewater-enjoyableproblem..SopeoplecanonlyfeelthewidthoftheHuangpuRiver,butcannotenjoythechangeoftide.Nevertheless,thewater-enjoyableproblemoftheHuangpuRiverisnotonlyavisualaesthetics,butalsoatechnicalone.

Thegreatestdifficultyforthewater-enjoyableproblemliesontheverticalL-ferroconcretefloodpreventionwallswhichstandalongtheHuangpuRiverwithaheightof+2.5meterandatotallengthof1.7km.Mostofthewallswerebuiltinthe1990swithahugeinvestment..

Thefirstproblemtobesolvedhereiswhethertheflood-preventionwallcanbereusedtocutdownthecostandembodytheprincipalof“thrift-advocatingworldexposition”.Throughstructuralstabilityexaminationandcalculation,theexistingflood-preventionwallcouldtotallysatisfytherequirements,whichindicatesthatthe

wallandthefundamentalstructurecanberemainedandthepartoftheoriginalwallwiththeheig