working with discoursemeaning beyond the clause.docx
《working with discoursemeaning beyond the clause.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《working with discoursemeaning beyond the clause.docx(19页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
![working with discoursemeaning beyond the clause.docx](https://file1.bdocx.com/fileroot1/2023-2/6/23bf38e6-c4b8-4b8f-9e3e-199347ed3d10/23bf38e6-c4b8-4b8f-9e3e-199347ed3d101.gif)
workingwithdiscoursemeaningbeyondtheclause
1.Inasensethenthisbookisaninvitationtogrammarianstoreconsidermeaningintheclausefromtheperspectiveofmeaningintexts;anditisalsoaninvitationtosocialtheoriststoreconsidersocialactivityasmeaningwenegotiatethroughtexts.(P.29)
2.Grammariansareparticularlyinterestedintypesofclausesandtheirelements.Buttextsareusuallybiggerthansimpleclauses,soadiscourseanalysthasmoretoworryaboutthanagrammarian(expandedhorizons).Bythesametoken,culturesmanifestthemselvesthroughamyriadoftexts,andsocialtheoristsaremoreinterestedinhowsocialcontextsarerelatedtooneanotherthaninhowtheyareinternallyorganizedastexts(globalhorizons).Discourseanalysisemploysthetoolsofgrammarianstoidentifytherolesofwordingsinpassagesoftext,andemploythetoolsofsocialtheoriststoexplainwhytheymakethemeaningstheydo.(p.32)
3.Forusagenreisastaged,goal-orientedsocialprocess.Socialbecauseweparticipateingenreswithotherpeople;goal-orientedbecauseweusegenrestogetthingsdone;stagedbecauseitusuallytakesusafewstepstoreachourgoals.(p.36)
4.inourviewideologyandpowerrunthroughthewholeensembleoflanguageandculture,positioningpeoplewithineachsocialcontextashavingmoreorlesspower,andopeningornarrowingtheiraccesstoresourcesformeaning.Ofcourse,uptoapointallspeakersofalanguageshareanequalrangeofmeaning-makingresources,buttherearealsocertainvarietiesofmeaningsthatarenotequallydistributed.Theseincluderesourcesforengaginginthewrittendiscoursesofcontemporarysocialinstitutions,suchassciences,governmentandeducation.OneimportantstrandofworkinSFLhasbeentoprovideaccesstothesediscoursesthroughliteracypedagogiesgroundedindiscourseanalysis.Anotherstrandhasbeentoinvestigatetheprinciplesbywhichaccesstomeaningisunequallydistributed,alongthelinesofgeneration,gender,class,incapacityandethnicity.(p.44)
5.…amplifyingattitudeinvolvesasetofresourcesforadjustinghowstronglywefeelaboutpeopleandthings.Technicallywerefertotheseresourcesasforce.Weusethemtoturnthevolumeupordown.
Gradingexperientialboundariesinvolvesresourcesthatsharpenorblurapparentlycategoricaldistinctions.Technicallytheseresourcesarereferredtoasfocus.Theymakecutanddrieddistinctionsnegotiable.(p.71)
6.Summingupthen,whatwehavearethreemainappraisalsystems:
attitude,amplificationandsource.…Sourcecoversresourcesthatintroduceadditionalvoicesintoadiscourse,viaprojection,modalizationorconcession;thekeychoicehereisonevoice(monogloss)ormorethanonevoice(hetergloss).Technically,sourcingresourcesarereferredtoasengagement.(82)
7.appraisalresourcesareusedtoestablishthetoneofmoodofapassageofdiscourse,aschoicesresonatewithoneanotherfromonemomenttoanotherasatextunfolds.Thepatternofchoicesisthus“prosodic”.
Theyformaprosodyofattituderunningthroughthetextthatswellsanddiminishes,inthemannerofamusicalprosody.Theprosodicpatternofappraisalchoicesconstructsthe“stance”or“voice”oftheappraiser,andthisstanceorvoicedefinesthekindofcommunitythatisbeingsetuparoundsharedvalues.Ineverydaylanguage,thesestancesareoftendiscussedasrangingalongascalefrommoreobjectivetomoresubjective.(83)
8.howtoanalyzeatextfromtheperspectiveofideation:
representingexperience?
Sequenceofphases→
sequenceofeventswithinphases→
sequenceofactivitiesanddescriptionswithinevents→
elements(participants,processandcircumstance)withinactivitiesrealizedasclauses(95-99)
9.wehaveseenhowaphaseofdiscoursecandevelop,figurebyfigure,intwogeneralways,eitherbyexpandingasanactivitysequence,orbyexpandingourpictureofanentity.Sotextsortextphasescanbeeitheractivityfocusedorentityfocused:
(110)
10.insumwehaveseenfourwaysofexpandingthemeaningofapersonorthing(participants):
♦qualities(thatcanbeintensified)
♦classes(categoricaldistinctions)
♦qualifiers(thatspecifyorelaborateanentity)
♦parts(possessions,facets(locationinplaceortime),measures(portionsofthewhole))
11.thetaxonomicrelationsbetweenelementsinastringareoftwogeneralkinds:
class,andwhole-part.
Fourtypes:
class,andwhole-part;Contrast(opposedinmeaning—antonyms(gradableandcomplementaryantonyms)andconverses(relationaloppositeness),andseriesofdifferingmeanings(scalesandcycles));synonym;repetition(p.129)
12.ingeneralthedriftinmeaning,bymeansofideationalmetaphor,hasbeenfromrealityasprocessesinvolvingpeopleandconcretethings,torealityasrelationsbetweenabstractthings,aswiththetransferencefrommarryingasprocesstomarriageasthing.Partofthereasonforthisshifthastodowiththegreaterpotentialforexpandingthemeaningofthings:
…(132)
13.Thereisasetofregularprinciplesforcreatingideationalmetaphors;forre-construingonekindofelementasanother,including:
1aprocessorqualitycanbere-construedasifitwasathing
2aprocess,oraqualityofaprocess,canbere-construedasaqualityofathing.
Theseareideationalmetaphorsoftheexperientialtype,i.e.theyareconcernedwithelementsoffigures.
Ideationalmetaphorsofthelogicaltypeareconcernedwithre-construingaconjunctionbetweenfiguresasifitwereaprocess,quality,circumstanceorthing.(132)
14.ideationalmetaphortendstore-construeourexperienceofrealityasifitconsistedofrelationsbetweeninstitutionalabstractions.Thesestrategieshaveevolvedtoenablewriterstogeneralizeaboutsocialprocesses,andtodescribe,classifyandevaluatethem.
Onecostisthatitmaybehardtorecoverwhoisdoingwhattowhom;anotheristhatthistypeofdiscoursecanbeveryhardtoreadandunderstand.
Unpackingideationalmetaphors…canhelptorevealhowtheyconstruerealityandisonekeystrategyforteachinglanguagelearnershowtheywork.(135)
15.thisdistinctionbetweenconcreteandabstractwaysofmeaningreflectsafundamentaldivisioninfieldsofactivityinmodernculturesbetweentheeverydayactivitiesoffamilyandcommunity,andthe“uncommonsense”fieldsoftechnicalprofessionsandsocialinstitutionssuchaslaw,medicineoreducation.
Everydayfieldsareorganizedprimarilybypersonalrelationsbetweeninteractingspeakers,whileuncommonsensefieldsareorganizedasmuchbywrittenrecords.(p.135)
16.kindsofentities:
concreteentities:
everyday;specialized
abstractentities:
technical;institutional;semiotic;generic(termsforclassesandparts)
metaphoricentities:
thosederivedfromprocess;thosederivedfromquality(135)
17.(external)conjunctions(andcontinuatives)serveaslogicalconnectionsbetweenfigures,addingthemtogether(addition:
additiveandalternative),
comparingthem(comparison:
similarityandcontrast),
sequencingthemintime(time:
successive(followingandpreceding)andsimultaneous),
orexplainingtheircauses,purposesorconditions(consequence:
cause,means,purpose,andcondition(openandforeclose)).
Thesearealltypesoflogicalrelationsbetweenfigures.
Whileideationrepresentsexperienceasfiguresandtaxonomiesofpeople,things,processesandqualities,conjunctionlinksfigurestogetherintosequences.(139)
18.internalconjunction:
theseitemsarenotlinkingevents(events,things,orqualities)intheworldbeyondthetext;rathertheyareusedtolinklogicalstepsthatareinternaltothetextitself.(148)
…internalconjunctioncanbeusedtoorganizethestagesofatext,suchasthesequenceofArgumentsinanexposition,tolinkstepsinanargument,giveexamples,anddrawconclusions.Internalconjunctionsfallintothesamefourgeneraltypesthatwesawforexternalconjunctions:
(150)
Addition:
developing(additionandalternation),andstaging(framingandsidetracking)(150)
Comparison:
similarityanddifference(152)
Time(orderingarguments):
successiveandsimultaneous(153)
Internalconsequence:
concludingandcountering(154)
19.insteadofcomingatthebeginningoftheclause,continuativestypicallyoccurnexttothefiniteverbwithintheclause…
20.however,anotherperspectiveoncontinuativesisthattheycanbeusedtomanageourexpectationsindiscourse.Onthiscriterionwecangrouptogether“already,finally,still,yet,only,just,even”,sincetheyallsignalthatanactivityisinsomewayunexpected.(156)
pre-emptinganyobjectionsandcounteringthem.(158)
21.therearecertainconjunctionsthatspecificallyservetosignalcounterexpectancy.Theseincludekindsoftime,consequencesandcomparisons.
Then:
allowingforanunexpectedturnofevents.
Suddenly:
soonerthanexpected.
Temporalcontinuatives:
somethinghappeningsoonerorlater,orpersistinglongerthanonemightexpect.
Still:
persistinglongerthanmightbereasonableexpected.
Finally:
takinglongerthanexpected
22.concessiveconsequence:
concessivecauses:
evenif
although,eventhough(because)
but,however(so,therefore)
“but”canrealizeconcessivecauses,andalsocontrast,whichcanbeconfusing.Wecantestwhethertherelationisconcessionbytryingtosubstitute“but”withconjunctionsthatweknowrealizeconsequentialmeanings(“however,although”).(159)
Concessivemeans:
evenby(by),but(thus)
Concessivepurpose:
without(inorderto)
Concessivecondition:
evenif(if),eventhen(then)(160)
23.unexpectedcomparisons:
infact,insteadof,rather,ontheotherhand,conversely,bycontrast
comparati