家具设计外文翻译参考文献.docx

家具设计外文翻译参考文献.docx

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家具设计外文翻译参考文献

ScandinavianFurnitureDesign

Scandinaviandesignis30yearsinthe20thcenturyHavingachievedgreatsuccess,andacquiredaninternationalreputationfordesign.Thestyleisconcerned,theScandinaviandesignisthefunctionofdoctrine,butnotasstringentasthe20thcentury,30yearsanddoctrines.

asstringentasthe20thcentury,30yearsanddoctrines.Geometricformofsoften,andedgesarefairingintoS-shapedcurveorwavylines,oftendescribedas"organicform",sothattheformofmorehumaneandangry.BeforethewarwithBauhausfunctionalismasthecenter40yearsinthe20thcentury,underthedifficultconditionsofmaterialdeprivationiswidelyaccepted,butbythemid-20thcentury,40,functionalismhasbeengraduallyincludesanumberofpracticalandstylechanges.ThesechangeslefttheBauhauspuregeometricformsand"works"thelanguageofaesthetics,mostnotablytheScandinaviandesign.Asearlyas1930,theStockholmFair,Germany,Scandinaviandesignwillbeastrictfunctionalismandlocalartsandcraftsinthehumanisttraditionofintegratingtheirtogether.Inthe1939NewYorkInternationalExposition,butalsoestablishedthe"SwedishModernstyle,"astheconceptofaninternationalstatus.Afterthe20thcentury,40yearsafteradifficultperiod,Scandinaviandesigninthe20thcentury,50yearsproducedanewleapforward.Itssimpleandorganicshapeandnaturalcolorandtextureverypopularintheinternationalarena.MilanTriennialin1954,theinternationaldesignexhibition,Scandinaviandesignshowanewlook,theparticipationofSweden,Denmark,FinlandandNorwayhaveachievedgreatsuccess.Thedesignofthesecountriesafterthewar,theorganizationimplementedapolicyofcooperation,theirfirstmajorachievementwascalled"ScandinavianDesign"exhibition.ArtsFoundationintheUnited

Statesunderthesponsorshipofthisexhibitionfrom1954-1957inNorthAmericain22years,thecity'smainmuseumsaroundtheworld,thusmaking"Scandinaviandesign"theimageofthewidelypopularintheinternationalcommunity.FunctionoftheScandinavianmoderndesignmovement,thecountriesinthedesignorganizationatthenationalorlocallevel,heldalargenumberofexhibitions,the20thcentury,theseactivitieshavebecomeakeyfeatureofthe50's.ScandinaviandesignoftheYear,heldalternatelyinvariouscountries,affectingawiderange,which,togetherwiththepublicationsandperiodicalsforthedesignoftheexchangesmadeasignificantcontribution.Designorganizationsnotonlyexhibitions,theyarealsoanimportantadvocateinthisareadesignedtoencouragemanufacturerstoinvestinacreativeproductdevelopment,topersuadetheauthoritiestodesignpoliciestosupportitsexcellentdesign.Theyalsoinspirepublicawarenessofgooddesignandeverydayusemorebeautifulthing,andthis50to60forthe20thcentury,theearlydesigndevelopmentplayedanimportantrole.Inadditiontodesigningtheorganizationefforts,dominatedthe20thcentury,50yearsofsocialandeconomiclifeofthedevelopmentofthepowerofdesignhasamoreprofoundimpact,withtheprocessofindustrializationandurbanization,thewholepopulationstructurehaschanged.Continuouslyimprovethestandardoflivingaffectedthemajorityofthepeopleandtheirwayoflife,resultinginwidespreadoptimismandconfidenceforthedevelopmentandprogress.Newideasbegintogaintraction,suchasthattheordinarypeoplehavetherighttoenjoythecomfortofhome,thefamilyisnotonlyhealthy,butalsomeetsthefunctionalandaestheticrequirements.Inthe20thcentury,50's,theultimatewelfarestatebuiltupinScandinavia.The20thcentury,40yearsinordertoreflecttheethniccharacteristicsarisingfromasenseofnostalgia,oftenshowingthepristinecountryside,contributedtothissofteningtrend.Earlyfunctionalismadvocatedbytheprimarycolorforthe20thcentury,40yearstoreconcilethecolorgraduallyreplacedbyamorecoarsetextureandnaturalmaterialsbytheirfavoritedesigners.After1945,anotherretrotrend-theDanishtraditionofexcellentcraftsmanshipinSwedenandNorwayhavealsobeenstrengthened.The20thcentury,50years,agroupofpre-wardesigners,suchastheprestigiousHenningsen,

Klandt,mamMarsden,Aalto,etc.arestillwalkingintheforefrontofthedesign.Forexample,Henningsen,designedafterthewar,anumberofnewPHlamps,inparticular,hedesignedaPH-5,andPHArtichokependantlamphasachievedgreatsuccessandhassoldbriskly.Theotherhand,youngdesignershavealsocometothefore,thuspromotedtheScandinaviandesignoffurtherdevelopment.Scandinaviandesignofthehumantouchisalsoreflectedinthedesignofindustrialequipment,inthisrespectSwedishindustrialdesignermadealotofwork.From1965onwards,fromSweden,consistingofsixdesigners"designteam"involvedinSolna,thecompany'soffsetprintingproductionlinedevelopmentanddesignwork,theyoperateontheproductionlineprocesscarriedoutadetailedergonomicanalysisandredesignthesigns,symbols,instructionsandmanipulatingthehandle,sothatworkingconditionshavebeengreatlyimproved.

Danishfurnituredesignhasatraditiondatingbackalmost450years.In1554,anumberofcabinetmakersfoundedKoebenhavnsSnedkerlaug（TheCopenhagenGuildofCabinetmakers）withthedualpurposeofcreatinghigh-qualityfurnitureandofprotectingthetradefrompoorcraftsmenbyestablishingformaltrainingforcabin-makers.

Twohundredyearslater,in1777,DetKongeligeMeobleMagazine（TheRoyalFurnitureMagazine）wasestablishedwiththeaimofmanufacturinguniform,high-qualityfurnitureintermsofproductionanddesignfortheDanishRoyalHouseholdanditsvariousdepartmentsandministries,etc.Thefurniturewasdesignedalmostalongthelinesofcataloguegoodsbythemostrenowneddesignersoftheperiod,andtheirdrawingswereforwardedtomastercabinetmakersalloverthecountry,whothenmanufacturedthem.

Afterabriefperiodofonly40years,thepracticecametoanendin1815.Theimportantthingisthattheabove-mentionedeventswereextremelyvisionaryasregardsqualityanddesign,andthattheywentontoformasolidfoundationforlaterdevelopment.Furthermore,DetKongeligeDanskeKunstakademi（TheRoyalDanishAcademyofArt）inCopenhagen,establishedaschooloffurnituredesignin1770,whosepurposewastheeducationoffurnitureapprenticestodrawandinspectmasterpieceswhatamountedtotwheorld’sfirstsystematiceducationoffurnituredesigner.Throughoutthe19thcentury,indeeduntilthebeginningofthe1920’sth,ereisanabsenceofanindependentDanishstyle.ThearchitectsofthetimeareinspiredbyFrench,andparticularly,Englishfurnitureandonlydesignfurnitureforthewealthyupperclassesandcivilauthorities.Peasants,farmersandthefledglingworkingclassstilldonotrepresentaninterestingcommercialbody,butthispicturechangeswiththecountry’smovefromanagriculturalsocietytoanindustrializedonetowardstheendofthelastcentury.Thecitiesalmostexplodedinsizeandsocialawarenessflewwiththeemergenceofthenewsocialclasses-laborersandofficeworkers-bothofwhomdemandedmonetarypaymentfortheirservices.Putinsimpleterms,youmightsaythatthiswashowthefoundationofmodernconsumersocietycameintobeing.Oncecurrentoverheadshadbeenmetsuchasfood,clothing,rentandheating,etc.Peoplestillhadthemeanstobuyfurniture,whichinitsownsmallway,createdthebasisforaformalizedfurnitureindustry.Thefurnitureindustrydidnotreallytakeoffuntilpeoplebeganmovingawayfromthecrampedapartmentsinthecitycenterstolargerapartmentsanddetachedhousesontheoutskirtsoftown.Thishappenedintwostages,thefirstofwhichwasinthe1920’s,whetnhesocialhousingprojectsbegananddetachedhousesstartedtoappear.Thesecondstagewasinthe1950’s,whenbothtypesofhousingbefantoshootupeverywhere.Thisdevelopment,combinedwithahighlevelofknowledgeandawareness,creatdanewandmorerationalhousingculturewherepeoplebegantodemandhigh-qualityfunctionalfurniture.Asitturnedout,peopleoutsideDenmarksoonbegantomakethesamekindsofdemands.

The1920’ssawthedesireforapurelyDanishstyleoffurniture.In1924,alectureshipinfurnituredesignwasestablishedatKunstakademietsArkitektskole（TheRoyalDanishAcademyofFineArtsSchoolofArchitecture）inCopenhagen.ThelectureshipwenttotheDanisharchitect,KaareKlint（1888-1954）,whoinfluencedthedevelopmentofDanishfurnituredesigntoagreatdegree.KaareKlintwasasystematistandamodernistwhousedhisstudentstopioneeraseriesofsurveysandanalysesoffurnitureandspatialneeds.Firstandforemost,KaareKlintrepresentedtheapproachthatfurnitureshouldbefunctionalanduser-friendly,anapproachwhichinmanywaysdeviatedfromtherestofEurope,wherefunctionalismoftentooktheformofformalisticexercises,directingitsfocustowardsawell-to-doeliteratherthantheordinarymaninthestreet.

Theresultwasthatastrong,independent,humanisticfunctionalismevolvedinDenmarkthroughthe1930’sand40’s,culminatinignaninternationalbreakthroughatthebeginningofthe1950’s.cAontributoryfactortothisbreakthroughwastheGuildorCabinetmakers’annualautumnexhibitionheldforthefirsttimein1928.Here,youngfurnituredesignerscouldfindcollaborativepartnersamongtheestablishedcabinetmakerworkshopswithaneyetodevelopingnewtypesoffurniture.ItwasattheseexhibitionsthatDanisharchitectslikeHansJ.Wegner,OleWanscher,FinnJuhl,BoergeMogensen,ArneJacobsenandmanyothersmadetheirbreakthrough,anditw