家具设计外文翻译参考文献.docx

1、家具设计外文翻译参考文献Scandinavian Furniture DesignScandinavian design is 30 years in the 20th century Having achieved great success,a nd acquired an international reputation for design. The style is concerned, the Scandinavian design is the function of doctrine, but not as stringent as the 20th century, 30 y

2、ears and doctrines.as stringent as the 20th century, 30 years and doctrines. Geometric form of soften, and edges are fairing into S-shaped curve or wavy lines, often described as organic form, so that the form of more humane and angry. Before the war with Bauhaus functionalism as the center 40 years

3、 in the 20th century, under the difficult conditions of material deprivation is widely accepted, but by the mid-20th century, 40, functionalism has been gradually includes a number of practical and style changes. These changes left the Bauhaus pure geometric forms and works the language of aesthetic

4、s, most notably the Scandinavian design. As early as 1930, the Stockholm Fair, Germany, Scandinavian design will be a strict functionalism and local arts and crafts in the humanist tradition of integrating their together. In the 1939 New York International Exposition, but also established the Swedis

5、h Modern style, as the concept of an international status. After the 20th century, 40 years after a difficult period, Scandinavian design in the 20th century, 50 years produced a new leap forward. Its simple and organic shape and natural color and texture very popular in the international arena. Mil

6、an Triennial in 1954, the international design exhibition, Scandinavian design show a new look, the participation of Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway have achieved great success. The design of these countries after the war, the organization implemented a policy of cooperation, their first major a

7、chievement was called Scandinavian Design exhibition. Arts Foundation in the UnitedStates under the sponsorship of this exhibition from 1954-1957 in North America in 22 years, the citys main museums around the world, thus making Scandinavian design the image of the widely popular in the internationa

8、l community. Function of the Scandinavian modern design movement, the countries in the design organization at the national or local level, held a large number of exhibitions, the 20th century, these activities have become a key feature of the 50s. Scandinavian design of the Year, held alternately in

9、 various countries, affecting a wide range, which, together with the publications and periodicals for the design of the exchanges made a significant contribution. Design organizations not only exhibitions, they are also an important advocate in this area designed to encourage manufacturers to invest

10、 in a creative product development, to persuade the authorities to design policies to support its excellent design. They also inspire public awareness of good design and everyday use more beautiful thing, and this 50 to 60 for the 20th century, the early design development played an important role.

11、In addition to designing the organization efforts, dominated the 20th century, 50 years of social and economic life of the development of the power of design has a more profound impact, with the process of industrialization and urbanization, the whole population structure has changed. Continuously i

12、mprove the standard of living affected the majority of the people and their way of life, resulting in widespread optimism and confidence for the development and progress. New ideas begin to gain traction, such as that the ordinary people have the right to enjoy the comfort of home, the family is not

13、 only healthy, but also meets the functional and aesthetic requirements. In the 20th century, 50s, the ultimate welfare state built up in Scandinavia. The 20th century, 40 years in order to reflect the ethnic characteristics arising from a sense of nostalgia, often showing the pristine countryside,

14、contributed to this softening trend. Early functionalism advocated by the primary color for the 20th century, 40 years to reconcile the color gradually replaced by a more coarse texture and natural materials by their favorite designers. After 1945, another retro trend - the Danish tradition of excel

15、lent craftsmanship in Sweden and Norway have also been strengthened. The 20th century, 50 years, a group of pre-war designers, such as the prestigious Henningsen,Klandt, mam Marsden, Aalto, etc. are still walking in the forefront of the design. For example, Henningsen, designed after the war, a numb

16、er of new PH lamps, in particular, he designed a PH-5, and PH Artichoke pendant lamp has achieved great success and has sold briskly. The other hand, young designers have also come to the fore, thus promoted the Scandinavian design of further development. Scandinavian design of the human touch is al

17、so reflected in the design of industrial equipment, in this respect Swedish industrial designer made a lot of work. From 1965 onwards, from Sweden, consisting of six designers design team involved in Solna, the companys offset printing production line development and design work, they operate on the

18、 production line process carried out a detailed ergonomic analysis and redesign the signs, symbols, instructions and manipulating the handle, so that working conditions have been greatly improved.Danish furniture design has a tradition dating back almost 450 years .In 1554, a numb er of cabinetmaker

19、s founded Koebenhavns Snedkerlaug (The Copenhagen Guild of Cabine tmakers) with the dual purpose of creating high-quality furniture and of protecting the trad e from poor craftsmen by establishing formal training for cabin-makers.Two hundred years later,in 1777,Det Kongelige Meoble Magazine (The Roy

20、al Furniture M agazine) was established with the aim of manufacturing uniform,high-quality furniture in t erms of production and design for the Danish Royal Household and its various departments and ministries ,etc.The furniture was designed almost along the lines of catalogue goods b y the most ren

21、owned designers of the period,and their drawings were forwarded to master cabinetmakers all over the country,who then manufactured them.After a brief period of only 40 years,the practice came to an end in 1815.The importan t thing is that the above-mentioned events were extremely visionary as regard

22、s quality and design,and that they went on to form a solid foundation for later development.Furthermore, Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi (The Royal Danish Academy of Art) in Copenhagen, established a school of furniture design in 1770,whose purpose was the education of furnit ure apprentices to dr

23、aw and inspect masterpieces what amounted to twheo rld s first system atic education of furniture designer.Throughout the 19th century,indeed until the beginning of the 1920 sth, ere is an absence of an independent Danish style.The architects of the time are inspired by French, and particularly,Engl

24、ish furniture and only design furniture for the wealthy upper classes and civil authorities. Peasants,farmers and the fledgling working clas s still do not represent an interesting commercial body,but this picture changes with the cou ntry s move from an agricultural society to an industrialized one

25、 towards the end of the last century.The cities almost exploded in size and social awareness flew with the emergence o f the new social classes-laborers and office workers-both of whom demanded monetary pa yment for their services.Put in simple terms,you might say that this was how the foundatio n o

26、f modern consumer society came into being. Once current overheads had been met such as food,clothing,rent and heating ,etc.People still had the means to buy furniture,which in its own small way, created the basis for a formalized furniture industry.The furniture industry did not really take off unti

27、l people began moving away from the cramped apartments in the city centers to larger apartments and detached houses on the outskirts of town.This happened in two stages,thef irst of which was in the 1920 s,whetnh e social housing projects began and detached houses started to appear.The second stage

28、was in the 1950 s,when both types of housing be fan to shoot up everywhere.This development,combined with a high level of knowledge and awareness,creatda new and more rational housing culture where people began to demand high-quality functional furniture.As it turned out, people outside Denmark soon

29、 began to make the same kinds of demands.The 1920s saw the desire for a purely Danish style of furniture.In 1924,a lectureship i n furniture design was established at Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole (The Royal Danish Ac ademy of Fine Arts School of Architecture) in Copenhagen.The lectureship went to t

30、he Da nish architect,Kaare Klint(1888-1954), who influenced the development of Danish furnitur e design to a great degree.Kaare Klint was a systematist and a modernist who used his stud ents to pioneer a series of surveys and analyses of furniture and spatial needs. First and for emost,Kaare Klint r

31、epresented the approach that furniture should be functional and user-fri endly,an approach which in many ways deviated from the rest of Europe,where functionali sm often took the form of formalistic exercises,directing its focus towards a well-to-do elit e rather than the ordinary man in the street.

32、The result was that a strong,independent,humanistic functionalism evolved in Denmar k through the 1930s and 40 s,culminatinign an international breakthrough at the beginnin g of the 1950 s .cAontributory factor to this breakthrough was the Guild or Cabinetmakers annual autumn exhibition held for the

33、 first time in 1928.Here, young furniture designers co uld find collaborative partners among the established cabinetmaker workshops with an eye to developing new types of furniture.It was at these exhibitions that Danish architects like Hans J.Wegner,Ole Wanscher, Finn Juhl,Boerge Mogensen,Arne Jacobsen and many others made their breakthrough,and it w