语法长难句讲义.docx
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语法长难句讲义
考研英语长难句解析
一、考研英语长难句之定语从句
一、定语从句
定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型,它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。
在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。
对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。
此外,定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系,说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。
例1.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementofthenewageandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.(1996年真题)
例2.TheAmericaneconomicsystemis,organizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.
例3.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.
例4.Thegovernmentpromisedtogivepreferentialtaxationpoliciesandloansoflowinterestratetothoseenterprisesthatcouldimprovetheirstructureofproductionandwerewillingtotakeinover50laid-offworkersyearly.
例5.Thelocalgovernmentintroducedthesnakesintothisareahopingthattheywouldcontrolthenumberofmice,whichfinallybecamethethreatneededtobecontrolled.
例6.Theenvironmentalprotectionshouldbegivenprioritywhichmeanstheeconomicdevelopmentwouldbeloweredtosomeextentinadevelopingcountry.
例7.Shewasconfirmedtobeinfectedwithbirdfluthatcallsforaquarantineandmedicalobservationforweeksinthehospital.
例8.InEurope,aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.(2005年真题)
二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句
例1.TheaudienceleranedformtheinternetthenewsthataseriousexplosionbrokeoutinXi’anafewdaysago.
例2.Therumorthatsheelopedwithherboyfriendjustcannotholdwater,forIsawherathomejustnow.
例3.However,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.(2009年第3篇)
三、考研英语长难句之倒装句
倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段,用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。
英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构,倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。
倒装有两种。
将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(completeinversion)。
如Thenbeganabitterwarbetweenthetwocountries.于是两国之间开始了恶战。
只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(partialinversion)。
如Atnotimewastheentranceleftunguarded.入口无时无人把守。
英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。
前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误,后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。
例1Amongtheadvantagesthatfuturebiochips,or“livingcomputers”,wouldhaveoverconventionalsemiconductorchipsarethattheyaresmaller,theydonotgenerateasmuchheat,andtheyallowfortheparallelprocessingofinformation,makingthemfasterthantoday’ssemiconductordevices.
例2Thisistheworldoutofwhichgrowsthehope,forthefirsttimeinhistory,ofasocietywheretherewillbefreedomfromwantandfreedomfromfear.
注意:
调整语序,加强语气。
以Therebe引出的倒装句
a.Thereseemtobemanygoodcandidatesinthedistrict.
b.Thereexistmanyproblemsamongthepresentdaystudents.
c.Thereappearstobeamaninblackinthedistance.
以副词here,there,then,now,next引出的倒装句
a.Herecometherestoftheparty.
b.Nowcomesyourturn.
c.Thenfollowedthediscoveryofanewcompound.
d.NextcameEdwardwithhiswife.
以表地点的介词短语引出的倒装句
a.Attheschoolgatestoodaguard.
b.Underthetreearesittingsomestudents.
c.Onthebedlayaprettykitten.
主语为代词时,不用倒装
Behindthecounterhestood.
Behindthecounterstoodamanwithglasses.
以表方位的副词引出的倒装句
a.Upwentthearrowintotheair.
b.Downfelladozenapples.
c.Offwentthehorse.
not短语置于句首
a.Notuntilhewentabroaddidheknowthetruthofthefact.
b.Notamomentdidshewasteoncampus.
c.NotonlydidIknowher,butIwasherbestfriend.
d.Notsimpleisthisbookinteresting,butalsoinstructive.
no短语置于句首
a.Bynomeansshouldhebeleftalone.
b.Innowayarecanweallowthistocontinue.
c.Innocaseareyoutoleaveyourpost.
d.Onnoaccountshouldwefollowblindly.
e.Undernocircumstancescanwecreateordestroyenergy.
f.Nolongeraretheystayingwithus.
g.Nosoonerhadshefinishedthepoemthanthestudentsbegangoaskherquestions.
only置于句首
a.Onlybythismeansisitpossibletoexplainhisfailuretoactdecisively.
b.Onlyaftermakinginvestigationcanwehavetherighttospeak.
c.Onlywhenonelosesfreedomdoesoneknowitsvalue.
比较状语从句中的倒装
a.HeranasfastasdidthepersonwhocamefromEngland.
b.Ispendlessthandonineoutoftenpeopleinmyposition.
c.Thegreaterthenumberofthefreeelectronsinamaterial,thebetteristheconductivityofthematerial.
让步状语从句中的倒装
a.Smallasatoms,electronsarestillsmaller.
b.Complexasitmayappear,therocket,whichwasinventedinChinaover800yearsago,isarelativelysimpledevice.
c.HardasItriedtoexplainittohim,hestilldidn’tunderstand.
d.MuchasIdisagreewithyou,Iyetrespectyou.
e.Vaguethoughitscategory(is),itiswithoutdoubtanessay.
f.Tryashewould,hecouldnotlifttherock.
四、考研英语长难句之被动语态
1.变为汉语的主动形式
e.g.Inhisattitudecanbefoundseedsforartinthe20thcentury:
theartoftheprimitive,ofsymbol,andofimagination.
e.g.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:
itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetestedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.
e.g.Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.
e.g.Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.
2.被动结构的表语化,可译为:
“是…的”,“由…的”等。
e.g.ThemovementtoopposeracialdiscriminationwaspersonallyinitiatedandledbyafamousNegroleader.
e.g.ThispicturewastakenbymybrotherashewenttoYunnan.
3.译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。
e.g.Forallthehelpthiscomputermayprovide,itshouldnotbeseenasasubstituteforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.
e.g.Itshouldbemadecleartoentirecitizensthatwhoeverenjoysrightsmustundertakecorrespondingobligations.
e.g.Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.
e.g.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.
4.增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。
e.g.Withthenewtechnique,measurementwasclaimedtobemuchmoreprecise.
e.g.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.
e.g.Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.
综合例题:
Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.(2007年真题)
五、考研英语长难句之形式主语(宾语)结构
1.Itis+adjective/noun+clause
注意:
先翻从句部分,再翻形容词/名词部分。
a.Soitisquitesadwhendivorcescomewithsmallprovocations,whenparentsandchildrengiveupononeanother,whenfriendshipsfalteratthefirstinjury,forthusweforfeitagreatworkofart——thelonglove.
b.ItisthusnoexaggerationthatAmericanshavetakentomechanicalcoolingavidlyandgreedily.
c.Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultoflabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillions.
2.Itis+adjective+infinitiveto
注意:
先翻不定式部分,再翻形容词部分。
a.Itisextremelywastefultogiveyearsoftrainingatpublicexpenseonlytohavethequalifiedteacherornursemarryafterayearoftwoandbelostforevertoherprofession.
b.Itisessentialformodernmentomasteroneortwoforeignlanguages.
c.Itisdifficultforustoover-praisethebook.
3.Itis+pastparticiple+that-clause
注意:
先翻过去分词部分,再翻从句部分。
a.ItisreportedthatSadamHusseinwasbetrayedbyhisjanissary.
b.Itissaidthat
c.Itisbelievedthat
d.Itisrumoredthat
e.Itisestimatedthat
f.Itisknownthat
g.Itisarguedthat
六、考研英语长难句之强调句型
例1.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomesthattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.
七、考研英语长难句之并列平行结构
英语常用并列连词,如:
and,but,so,yet,for,nor,or,notonly:
..butalso,either…or或neither…nor等连接两个或几个同等成分,这种结构称为并列结构。
连接的同等成分可以是动词的宾语、介词短语或名词的定语等。
例1Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.(1995年真题)
例2AstrophysicistsworkingwithgroundbaseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoonborneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.(1998年真题)
例3Itisnotthat(不是)thescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciples