Glossary Of Grammatical Terms.docx

Glossary Of Grammatical Terms.docx

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GlossaryOfGrammaticalTerms

GlossaryOfGrammaticalTerms

ActiveVoice

Intheactivevoice,thesubjectoftheverbdoestheaction（eg.TheykilledthePresident）.SeealsoPassiveVoice.

Adjective

Awordlikebig,red,easy,Frenchetc.Anadjectivedescribesanounorpronoun.

Anyofaclassofwordsusedtomodifyanounorothersubstantivebylimiting,qualifying,orspecifyinganddistinguishedinEnglishmorphologicallybyoneofseveralsuffixes,suchas-able,-ous,-er,and-est,orsyntacticallybypositiondirectlyprecedinganounornominalphrase,suchaswhiteinawhitehouse.

【语法】形容词：

通过限制、描述或指定用以修饰名词或其他代名词的一类词。

英语中，语态上以后缀，如-able，-ous，-er以及-est为特征，句法上以直接位于名词或名词性词组前为特征，例如white（白色）在awhitehouse（白色房屋）中

Adverb

Awordlikeslowly,quietly,well,oftenetc.Anadverbmodifiesaverb.

Apartofspeechcomprisingaclassofwordsthatmodifyaverb,anadjective,oranotheradverb.

副词：

修饰动词，形容词或其他副词的一类词的词性

Article

The"indefinite"articlesareaandan.The"definitearticle"isthe.

AuxiliaryVerb

Averbthatisusedwithamainverb.Be,doandhaveareauxiliaryverbs.Can,may,mustetcaremodalauxiliaryverbs.

n.Abbr.aux.v.,aux.Grammar（名词）缩写aux.v.，aux.【语法】

Averb,suchashave,can,orwill,thataccompaniesthemainverbinaclauseandhelpstomakedistinctionsinmood,voice,aspect,andtense.

助动词：

一类动词，如有，可以，或将，在句中伴随主动词，起到帮助区分语气，语态，体及时态

Clause

Agroupofwordscontainingasubjectanditsverb（forexample:

Itwaslatewhenhearrived）.

n.Abbr.cl.（名词）缩写cl.

Agroupofwordscontainingasubjectandapredicateandformingpartofacompoundorcomplexsentence.

【语法】从句，分句，子句：

包含一个主语和一个谓语的一组词，构成了复合词或复合句的一部分

Conjunction

Awordusedtoconnectwords,phrasesandclauses（forexample:

and,but,if）.

Abbr.conj.Apartofspeechsuchasand,but,as,andbecausethatservestoconnectwords,phrases,clauses,orsentences.

缩写conj.【语法】连词：

用来连接词、词组、从句或句子的词，例如和、但是、象及因为

Infinitive

Thebasicformofaverbasintoworkorwork.

n.Abbr.inf.,infin.（名词）缩写inf.，infin.

Averbformthatfunctionsasasubstantivewhileretainingcertainverbalcharacteristics,suchasmodificationbyadverbs,andthatinEnglishmaybeprecededbyto,asinTogowillinglyistoshowstrengthorWewanthimtoworkharder,ormayalsooccurwithoutto,asinShehadthemreadtheletterorWemayfinishtoday.SeeUsageNoteatsplitinfinitive

不定式：

一种动词的形式，起名词作用而又保持了某些动词的特征，如由副词来修饰。

在英语中，不定式由to引导，比如愿意去是为了显示力量或我们希望他工作更加努力，也可不带to，如她让他们看那封信或我们可以今天结束

splitinfinitive

n.Grammar（名词）【语法】

Aninfinitiveverbformwithanelement,usuallyanadverb,interposedbetweentoandtheverbform,asintoboldlygo.

分裂不定式：

连带一词素的不定式形式，通常连一副词，放在to和动词形式之间，如toboldlygo

Interjection

Anexclamationinsertedintoanutterancewithoutgrammaticalconnection（forexample:

oh!

ah!

ouch!

well!

）.

Abbr.interj.,int.Apartofspeechusuallyexpressingemotionandcapableofstandingalone,suchasUgh!

orWow!

缩写interj.，int.感叹词：

一类通常表达感情以及能够单独存在的词，例如啊或哇

ModalVerb

Anauxiliaryverblikecan,may,mustetcthatmodifiesthemainverbandexpressespossibility,probabilityetc.Itisalsocalled"modalauxiliaryverb".

表动词语态的助动词（如may,might,must等）

Noun

Awordliketable,dog,teacher,Americaetc.Anounisthenameofanobject,concept,personorplace.A"concretenoun"issomethingyoucanseeortouchlikeapersonorcar.An"abstractnoun"issomethingthatyoucannotseeortouchlikeadecisionorhappiness.A"countablenoun"issomethingthatyoucancount（forexample:

bottle,song,dollar）.An"uncountablenoun"issomethingthatyoucannotcount（forexample:

water,music,money）.

Object

Intheactivevoice,anounoritsequivalentthatreceivestheactionoftheverb.Inthepassivevoice,anounoritsequivalentthatdoestheactionoftheverb.

Participle

The-ingand-edformsofverbs.The-ingformiscalledthe"presentparticiple".The-edformiscalledthe"pastparticiple"（forirregularverbs,thisiscolumn3）.

n.Abbr.p.Grammar（名词）缩写p.【语法】

Aformofaverbthatinsomelanguages,suchasEnglish,canfunctionindependentlyasanadjective,asthepastparticiplebakedinWehadsomebakedbeans,andisusedwithanauxiliaryverbtoindicatetense,aspect,orvoice,asthepastparticiplebakedinthepassivesentenceThebeanswerebakedtoolong.

分词：

某些语言（如英语）中动词的一种形式，可独立地作为形容词来用，如Wehadsomebakedbeans中的过去分词baked，也可与助动词连用表示某种时态、体裁或语态，如被动句Thebeanswerebakedtoolong中的过去分词baked

PartOfSpeech

OneoftheeightclassesofwordinEnglish-noun,verb,adjective,adverb,pronoun,preposition,conjunctionandinterjection.

Oneofagroupoftraditionalclassificationsofwordsaccordingtotheirfunctionsincontext,includingthenoun,pronoun,verb,adjective,adverb,preposition,conjunction,andinterjection,andsometimesthearticle.

词类，词性：

一组传统的词语类别之一，根据它们在上下文中的功能划分，包括名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词，有时还包括冠词

PassiveVoice

Inthepassivevoice,thesubjectreceivestheactionoftheverb（egThePresidentwaskilled）.SeealsoActiveVoice.

Phrase

Agroupofwordsnotcontainingasubjectanditsverb（egonthetable,thegirlinareddress）.

Twoormorewordsinsequencethatformasyntacticunitthatislessthanacompletesentence.

【语法】短语，词组：

形成一个句法单位的有顺序的两个或更多的词语，它比一个完整句子要小

Expression

Aparticularwordorphrase:

特殊的措词或短语：

“anoldYankeeexpression...‘Standupandbecounted’”（CharlesKuralt）

“一个老年北方佬的口头禅‘立起，报数’”（查尔斯·库拉尔特）

Predicate

Eachsentencecontains（orimplies）twoparts:

asubjectandapredicate.Thepredicateiswhatissaidaboutthesubject.

Oneofthetwomainconstituentsofasentence,modifyingthesubjectandincludingtheverb,objects,orphrasesgovernedbytheverb,asopenedthedoorinJaneopenedthedoororisverysleepyinThechildisverysleepy.

【语法】谓语：

一个句子中两个主要组成部分中的一个，修饰主语，包括动词、宾语或动词所支配的短语，如Janeopenedthedoor中的openthedoor或Thechildisverysleepy中的isverysleepy

Preposition

Awordlikeat,to,in,overetc.Prepositionsusuallycomebeforeanounandgiveinformationaboutthingsliketime,placeanddirection.

n.Abbr.prep.Grammar（名词）缩写prep.【语法】

Insomelanguages,awordplacedbeforeasubstantiveandindicatingtherelationofthatsubstantivetoaverb,anadjective,oranothersubstantive,asEnglishat,by,in,to,from,andwith.

介词：

在一些语言中放在一实词前，用于表示这一实词与动词、形容词或另一实词的关系，如英语中的at,by,in,to,from和with

Awordorconstructionsimilarinfunctiontoapreposition,suchasinregardtoorconcerning.

前置词：

功能类似于介词的词或结构，如inregardto或concerning

Pronoun

AwordlikeI,me,you,he,him,itetc.Apronounreplacesanoun.

n.Abbr.pron.,pr.Grammar（名词）缩写pron.，pr.【语法】

Oneofaclassofwordsthatfunctionassubstitutesfornounsornounphrasesanddesignatepersonsorthingsaskedfor,previouslyspecified,orunderstoodfromthecontext.

代词：

其作用是代替名词或名词词组以指代所指的、预选确定的或由上下文可被理解的人或事的词类

Sentence

Agroupofwordsthatexpressathought.Asentenceconveysastatement,question,exclamationorcommand.Asentencecontainsorimpliesasubjectandapredicate.Insimpleterms,asentencemustcontainaverband（usually）asubject.Asentencestartswithacapitalletterandendswithafullstop（.）,questionmark（?

）orexclamationmark（!

）.

Agrammaticalunitthatissyntacticallyindependentandhasasubjectthatisexpressedor,asinimperativesentences,understoodandapredicatethatcontainsatleastonefiniteverb.

句子：

句法上独立的语法单位，它有一个需要表达、或理解的主语和一个包含至少一个限定动词的谓语，如在祈使句中

Subject

Everysentencecontains（orimplies）twoparts:

asubjectandapredicate.Thesubjectisthemainnoun（orequivalent）inasentenceaboutwhichsomethingissaid.

Thenoun,nounphrase,orpronouninasentenceorclausethatdenotesthedoeroftheactionorwhatisdescribedbythepredicateandthatinsomelanguages,suchasEnglish,canbeidentifiedbyitscharacteristicpositioninsimplesentencesandinotherlanguages,suchasLatin,byinflectionalendings.

【语法】主语：

句子中表明动作执行者或谓语描述之对象的名词、名词短语或代词，这些词或短语在有些语言，如英语中，可以通过其在简单句子中的典型位置来确认，而在另一些语言，如拉丁语中，则可通过屈折变化的词尾来确定

Tense

Theformofaverbthatshowsuswhentheactionorstatehappens（past,presentorfuture）.Notethatthenameofatenseisnotalwaysaguidetowhentheactionhappens.The"presentcontinuoustense",forexample,canbeusedtotalkaboutthepresentorthefuture.

n.Abbr.t.Grammar（名词）缩写t.【语法】

Anyoneoftheinflectedformsintheconjugationofaverbthatindicatesthetime,suchaspast,present,orfuture,aswellasthecontinuanceorcompletionoftheactionorstate.

时态：

指示时间如过去、现在或将来，或指示动作或状态的持续或完结的动词的各种曲折变化形式的任何一种

Asetoftenseformsindicatingaparticulartime:

时态：

指示某一特定时间的一系列时态形式：

thefuturetense.

将来时态

Verb

Awordlike（to）work,（to）love,（to）begin.Averbdescribesanactionorstate.

n.Abbr.v.,vb.（名词）缩写v.，vb.

Thepartofspeechthatexpressesexistence,action,oroccurrenceinmostlanguages.

动词：

在大多数语言中表达存在、行为或发生的那部分词类

Anyofthewordswithinthispartofspeech,asbe,run,orconceive.

动词：

该词类内的任一个单词，如be,run或者conceive

Aphraseorotherconstructionusedasaverb.

动词结构：

用作动词的短语或其它结构体

WhatisGrammar:

Grammaristhesystemofalanguage.Peoplesometimesdescribegrammarasthe"rules"ofalanguage;butinfactnolanguagehasrules*.Ifweusetheword"rules",wesuggestthatsomebodycreatedtherulesfirstandthenspokethelanguage,likeanewgame.Butlanguagesdidnotstartlikethat.Languagesstartedbypeoplemakingsoundswhichevolvedintowords,phrasesandsentences.Nocommonly-spokenlanguageisfixed.Alllanguageschangeovertime.Whatwecall"grammar"issimplyareflectionofalanguageataparticulartime.

Doweneedtostudygrammartolearnalanguage?

Theshortansweris"no".Verymanypeopleintheworldspeaktheirown,nativelanguagewithouthavingstu