Glossary Of Grammatical Terms.docx

1、Glossary Of Grammatical TermsGlossary Of Grammatical Terms Active Voice In the active voice, the subject of the verb does the action (eg. They killed the President). See also Passive Voice. AdjectiveA word like big, red, easy, French etc. An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.Any of a class of wo

2、rds used to modify a noun or other substantive by limiting, qualifying, or specifying and distinguished in English morphologically by one of several suffixes, such as -able, -ous, -er, and -est, or syntactically by position directly preceding a noun or nominal phrase, such as white in a white house.

3、 【语法】 形容词：通过限制、描述或指定用以修饰名词或其他代名词的一类词。英语中，语态上以后缀，如-able，-ous，-er 以及 -est 为特征，句法上以直接位于名词或名词性词组前为特征，例如 white（白色） 在 a white house（白色房屋） 中AdverbA word like slowly, quietly, well, often etc. An adverb modifies a verb.A part of speech comprising a class of words that modify a verb, an adjective, or another

4、 adverb.副词：修饰动词，形容词或其他副词的一类词的词性ArticleThe indefinite articles are a and an. The definite article is the.Auxiliary VerbA verb that is used with a main verb. Be, do and have are auxiliary verbs. Can, may, must etc are modal auxiliary verbs.n.Abbr. aux. v., aux.Grammar （名词）缩写 aux. v.， aux.【语法】 A verb,

5、such as have, can, or will, that accompanies the main verb in a clause and helps to make distinctions in mood, voice, aspect, and tense. 助动词：一类动词，如有，可以， 或 将， 在句中伴随主动词，起到帮助区分语气，语态，体及时态ClauseA group of words containing a subject and its verb (for example: It was late when he arrived).n.Abbr. cl.（名词）缩写

6、 cl.A group of words containing a subject and a predicate and forming part of a compound or complex sentence.【语法】 从句，分句，子句：包含一个主语和一个谓语的一组词，构成了复合词或复合句的一部分ConjunctionA word used to connect words, phrases and clauses (for example: and, but, if).Abbr. conj. A part of speech such as and, but, as, and bec

7、ause that serves to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. 缩写 conj.【语法】 连词：用来连接词、词组、从句或句子的词，例如和、但是、象 及 因为 InfinitiveThe basic form of a verb as in to work or work.n.Abbr. inf., infin.（名词）缩写 inf.， infin.A verb form that functions as a substantive while retaining certain verbal characteristics

8、, such as modification by adverbs, and that in English may be preceded by to, as in To go willingly is to show strength or We want him to work harder, or may also occur without to, as in She had them read the letter or We may finish today. See Usage Note at split infinitive 不定式：一种动词的形式，起名词作用而又保持了某些动

9、词的特征，如由副词来修饰。在英语中，不定式由to 引导，比如 愿意去是为了显示力量 或 我们希望他工作更加努力 ，也可不带 to ，如 她让他们看那封信 或 我们可以今天结束 split infinitiven.Grammar （名词）【语法】 An infinitive verb form with an element, usually an adverb, interposed between to and the verb form, as in to boldly go. 分裂不定式：连带一词素的不定式形式，通常连一副词，放在to 和动词形式之间，如 to boldly go Int

10、erjectionAn exclamation inserted into an utterance without grammatical connection (for example: oh!, ah!, ouch!, well!).Abbr. interj., int. A part of speech usually expressing emotion and capable of standing alone, such as Ugh! or Wow! 缩写 interj.， int.感叹词：一类通常表达感情以及能够单独存在的词，例如啊 或 哇 Modal VerbAn auxi

11、liary verb like can, may, must etc that modifies the main verb and expresses possibility, probability etc. It is also called modal auxiliary verb.表动词语态的助动词(如may,might,must等)NounA word like table, dog, teacher, America etc. A noun is the name of an object, concept, person or place. A concrete noun is

12、 something you can see or touch like a person or car. An abstract noun is something that you cannot see or touch like a decision or happiness. A countable noun is something that you can count (for example: bottle, song, dollar). An uncountable noun is something that you cannot count (for example: wa

13、ter, music, money).ObjectIn the active voice, a noun or its equivalent that receives the action of the verb. In the passive voice, a noun or its equivalent that does the action of the verb.ParticipleThe -ing and -ed forms of verbs. The -ing form is called the present participle. The -ed form is call

14、ed the past participle (for irregular verbs, this is column 3).n.Abbr. p.Grammar （名词）缩写 p.【语法】 A form of a verb that in some languages, such as English, can function independently as an adjective, as the past participle baked in We had some baked beans, and is used with an auxiliary verb to indicate

15、 tense, aspect, or voice, as the past participle baked in the passive sentence The beans were baked too long. 分词：某些语言（如英语）中动词的一种形式，可独立地作为形容词来用，如We had some baked beans 中的过去分词 baked ，也可与助动词连用表示某种时态、体裁或语态，如被动句 The beans were baked too long 中的过去分词 baked Part Of SpeechOne of the eight classes of word in

16、 English - noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction and interjection.One of a group of traditional classifications of words according to their functions in context, including the noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection, and sometimes

17、 the article.词类，词性：一组传统的词语类别之一，根据它们在上下文中的功能划分，包括名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词，有时还包括冠词Passive VoiceIn the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb (eg The President was killed). See also Active Voice.PhraseA group of words not containing a subject and its verb (eg on the table, the girl

18、 in a red dress).Two or more words in sequence that form a syntactic unit that is less than a complete sentence.【语法】 短语，词组：形成一个句法单位的有顺序的两个或更多的词语，它比一个完整句子要小ExpressionA particular word or phrase:特殊的措词或短语：“an old Yankee expression . . . Stand up and be counted”(Charles Kuralt)“一个老年北方佬的口头禅立起，报数”(查尔斯库拉尔特

19、)PredicateEach sentence contains (or implies) two parts: a subject and a predicate. The predicate is what is said about the subject.One of the two main constituents of a sentence, modifying the subject and including the verb, objects, or phrases governed by the verb, as opened the door in Jane opene

20、d the door or is very sleepy in The child is very sleepy. 【语法】 谓语：一个句子中两个主要组成部分中的一个，修饰主语，包括动词、宾语或动词所支配的短语，如Jane opened the door 中的 open the door 或 The child is very sleepy 中的 is very sleepyPrepositionA word like at, to, in, over etc. Prepositions usually come before a noun and give information about

21、 things like time, place and direction.n.Abbr. prep.Grammar （名词）缩写 prep.【语法】 In some languages, a word placed before a substantive and indicating the relation of that substantive to a verb, an adjective, or another substantive, as English at, by, in, to, from, and with. 介词：在一些语言中放在一实词前，用于表示这一实词与动词、形

22、容词或另一实词的关系，如英语中的at, by, in, to, from 和 with A word or construction similar in function to a preposition, such as in regard to or concerning. 前置词：功能类似于介词的词或结构，如 in regard to 或 concerning PronounA word like I, me, you, he, him, it etc. A pronoun replaces a noun.n.Abbr. pron., pr.Grammar （名词）缩写 pron.，

23、pr.【语法】 One of a class of words that function as substitutes for nouns or noun phrases and designate persons or things asked for, previously specified, or understood from the context.代词：其作用是代替名词或名词词组以指代所指的、预选确定的或由上下文可被理解的人或事的词类SentenceA group of words that express a thought. A sentence conveys a sta

24、tement, question, exclamation or command. A sentence contains or implies a subject and a predicate. In simple terms, a sentence must contain a verb and (usually) a subject. A sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop (.), question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!).A grammatical

25、unit that is syntactically independent and has a subject that is expressed or, as in imperative sentences, understood and a predicate that contains at least one finite verb.句子：句法上独立的语法单位，它有一个需要表达、或理解的主语和一个包含至少一个限定动词的谓语，如在祈使句中SubjectEvery sentence contains (or implies) two parts: a subject and a pred

26、icate. The subject is the main noun (or equivalent) in a sentence about which something is said.The noun, noun phrase, or pronoun in a sentence or clause that denotes the doer of the action or what is described by the predicate and that in some languages, such as English, can be identified by its ch

27、aracteristic position in simple sentences and in other languages, such as Latin, by inflectional endings.【语法】 主语：句子中表明动作执行者或谓语描述之对象的名词、名词短语或代词，这些词或短语在有些语言，如英语中，可以通过其在简单句子中的典型位置来确认，而在另一些语言，如拉丁语中，则可通过屈折变化的词尾来确定TenseThe form of a verb that shows us when the action or state happens (past, present or fut

28、ure). Note that the name of a tense is not always a guide to when the action happens. The present continuous tense, for example, can be used to talk about the present or the future.n.Abbr. t.Grammar （名词）缩写 t.【语法】 Any one of the inflected forms in the conjugation of a verb that indicates the time, su

29、ch as past, present, or future, as well as the continuance or completion of the action or state.时态：指示时间如过去、现在或将来，或指示动作或状态的持续或完结的动词的各种曲折变化形式的任何一种A set of tense forms indicating a particular time:时态：指示某一特定时间的一系列时态形式：the future tense.将来时态Verb A word like (to) work, (to) love, (to) begin. A verb describ

30、es an action or state. n.Abbr. v., vb.（名词）缩写 v.， vb.The part of speech that expresses existence, action, or occurrence in most languages.动词：在大多数语言中表达存在、行为或发生的那部分词类Any of the words within this part of speech, as be, run, or conceive. 动词：该词类内的任一个单词，如be, run 或者 conceive A phrase or other construction u

31、sed as a verb.动词结构：用作动词的短语或其它结构体What is Grammar : Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the rules of a language; but in fact no language has rules*. If we use the word rules, we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new

32、game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call grammar is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time. Do we need to study grammar to learn a language? The short answer is no. Very many people in the world speak their own, native language without having stu