论文格式含标准封面.docx

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论文格式含标准封面

No.

赣南医学院本科毕业论文

TheGraduationThesisofUndergraduatesofGannanMedicalUniversity

(题目黑体二号)(英文题目)

 

院系:

人文社会科学学院外语系

专业:

英语

年级:

2006

姓名:

楷体三号

学号:

指导教师:

 

二0一0年五月日

赣南医学院

学士学位论文原创性申明

本人郑重申明:

所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。

除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外,本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。

对本文的研究作出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式表明。

本人完全意识到本申明的法律后果由本人承担。

 

作者签名:

日期:

 

学位论文版权使用授权书

本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被查阅和借阅。

本人授权赣南医学院可以将本论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。

保密□,在年解密后适用本授权书。

本学位论文属于

不保密□。

(请在以上相应方框内打“√”)

作者签名:

日期:

导师签名:

日期:

 

Contents

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….i

摘要……………………………………………………….……….………..ii

I.Introduction……………………………………………………………...………..1

II.AHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor……………………………...………...2

2.1AristotelianSchool:

Metaphor—ADeviceofRhetoric……………..……….2

2.2ThePlatonicSchool—LanguageisMetaphorical……………….…………….5

2.3TheStudyofMetaphorfromthe20thCenturytothePresent……………….…..6

III.OnSimilarity……………………………………………………………………7

3.1Similarity:

AFundamentalCriterionfortheClassificationofMetaphor………..7

3.2SimilarityandCulture………………………………………………………….9

3.3SimilarityandCategory………………………….……………………………10

3.4TheRelationshipBetweenSimilarityandKnowledge……………………….13

IV.OntheMechanismofMetaphor…………………………….………………...15

4.1Black’sInteractionTheory………………………………………....................15

4.1.1IntroductiontotheInteractionTheory…………………………………...15

4.1.2SomeDefectsoftheInteractionTheory…………………………………16

4.2LakoffianConceptualMetaphorTheory……………………………………...19

4.2.1ThePhilosophicalBasisofLakoffianTheory…………………………...19

4.2.2LakoffianTheoryontheMechanismofMetaphor………………………21

4.2.3TheDeficienciesofLakoffianTheoryinExpoundingtheCreationofSimilarity………………….……………………………………………...26

4.3ConceptualIntegrationTheory……………………………………………….29

4.3.1AnIntroductiontotheConceptualIntegrationTheory……………...…....29

4.3.1.1FourMentalSpaces……………….………………...……………..29

4.3.1.2ThreeProcessesofBT………………..……………..……………..33

4.3.1.3OptimalityPrinciplesofBT………….…………………...……….34

4.3.2TheAdvantagesofBTinSolvingtheParadoxoftheTwoFormerTheories…………………………………………………………………...34

4.3.2.1TheGenericMentalSpace…………………………….…...……...34

4.3.2.2TheBlendingSpaceandEmergentStructure……..…………..…...35

4.3.2.3TheOtherAdvantagesofBT………………..…………..…………40

V.Conclusion………………………………………………….……………………42

Bibliography………………………………………………..………………………45

Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………46

 

Abstract

Themechanismofmetaphorisactuallythenucleusofthestudyofmetaphor.Formorethantwothousandyears,metaphorwasviewedasadeviceofrhetoric,anattachmenttolanguage.Inaccordancewiththisperspective,metaphorwasacomparisonbetweentwothingsthatdonotbelongtothesamecategoryorwasregardedasonewordusedtosubstituteanotherbecausetherewerepreexistingsimilaritiesbetweenthem.Asaresultofthisperspective,twotheoriestookshape:

onewastheComparisonTheory,theotherwastheTheoryofSubstitution.Butmodernscholarsdiscardtheperspective,holdingthatmetaphorisnotonlyadeviceofrhetoric,tobemoreimportant,itisaleadingwayforhumanbeingstoknowthisworld,awayofthinking.(中文摘要的对应译文)

Keywords:

metaphor;collocation;terms

(注意:

关键词3-5个,字体要加粗,词与词之间用分号分开,除专有名词外,其他单词首字母不大写)

 

摘要

隐喻研究归根到底是隐喻机制的研究,它是隐喻研究的核心。

两千多年来,隐喻一直被仅仅看作一种修辞手段,一种语言的陪衬,被看作是两种不同事物事先存在的相似性的比较或一个词对另一词的替代,进而形成对隐喻阐述的比较论和替代论。

现代学者通过大量研究表明,隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手段,更重要的是,它是人类的主要认知方式。

隐喻这一认知方式,给人们一种新的视角,创造一种相似。

因此,现代学者着重于阐述相似是如何被创造出来的。

在众多的隐喻理论中,影响较大的有布莱克和莱科夫的隐喻理论。

(大约200字左右)

关键词:

隐喻;搭配;术语

(中文摘要的内容和关键词应与英文摘要相对应,关键词3-5个,词与词之间用分号分开)

I.Introduction

Thestudyofmetaphorhaslongbeenwithusandthefocusofthestudyisthemechanismofmetaphor.Itisthemostsignificantandindispensablepartofthestudy.Formorethantwothousandyears,thestudyiscarriedonmainlyfromtheperspectiveofrhetoric,viewingmetaphorasadeviceofrhetoric,anembellishmentoflanguage.TherepresentativeofthetheoriesinthislongperiodisAristotle’sComparisonTheoryandQuintilian’sTheoryofSubstitution.Becausemetaphorisnotonlyarhetoricalphenomenon,butalsooneofcognition,theinterpretationforceofthesetheoriesisverylimited.In1936,I.A.RichardsputforwardInteractionTheory.LaterMaxBlackmadeanelaborationoftheworkofhis.InteractionTheoryclaimsthatmetaphorisacognitivelyirreduciblephenomenonthatworksnotatthelevelofwordcombination,butmuchdeeper,arisingoutoftheinteractionbetweentheconceptualstructuresunderlyingthewords.ButtheoneswhoreallyturnthestudyofmetaphortoanewpageareGeorgeLakoffandMarkJohnson.ThemarkofthischangeisthepublicationofthebooknamedMetaphorsWeLiveBy.ThetheoryofLakoffandJohnson’sisConceptualMetaphorTheory.Asthesescholarsregardmetaphorasthecreationofsimilarity,theirtheoriesconcentrateonhowthesimilarityiscreatedandhowthenewmeaningisproducedthoughtheirinterpretationsarenotperfect.Recently,anothertheoryappeared—ConceptualIntegrationTheoryorBlendingTheory.Comparativelyspeaking,itismoreconvincingonthemechanismofmetaphorthantheothertwo.(以下省略,此部分字数最少不少于300字)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

II.AHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor

2.1AristotelianSchool:

Metaphor--ADeviceofRhetoric

AndrewOrtony,oneofthemostinfluentialwritersonmetaphor,haspointedout,andtherearefewwhowoulddisagreewithhim,thatitisstillthecasethat“AnyseriousstudyofmetaphorisalmostobligedtostartwiththeworksofAristotle”(Ortony3).(此处指引文来源:

作者页码)

InPoetics,Aristotleexpoundstheessence,functionandthewayofexplanationofmetaphorasthreenuclei.Hedefinesmetaphoras“theapplicationofanaliennamebytransferenceeitherfromgenustospecies,orfromspeciestogenus,orfromspeciestospecies,orbyanalogy,thatis,proportion”(Aristotle71).Thenhegivesfourkindsofmetaphor:

Since‘lyingatanchor’isaspeciesofthegenus‘lying’,onecansay‘thereliesmyship’(genus-to-speciesmetaphor),since‘tenthousand’isaspeciesofa‘largenumber’,onecansayverilytenthousandnobledeedshathOdysseuswrought(species-to-genusmetaphor).Since‘todrawaway’and‘tocleave’areeachaspeciesofthegenus‘takingaway’,onecansaywithbladeofbronzedrewawaythelife(species-to-speciesmetaphor).Andsinceoldageistolifeaseveningtotheday,onecansaythatoldageistheeveningoflife(ibid.).(此符号ibid.意为同上,引文出处与上相同。

本例为整段引用,即blockquotation,前后空五号字一行)

Allmetaphors,Aristotlebelieves,fallintoatleastoneofthesefourcategories,althoughanalogymetaphorsarethemostpleasing.Aristotlealsoholdsthatmetaphorcanmaketheprosaicstylecharming,andstressesthatitcanonlybeconfinedtopoetry(ibid.72).Thisperspectiveleadstothelatertheoristsmakingdistinctionbetweenpoeticlanguageandeverydaylanguage.EspeciallyinChapter21and22ofPoetics,Aristotlestatesthateveryword“iseithercurrent,orstrange,ormetaphor,orornamental,ornewlycoined,orlengthened,orcontracted,oraltered”(ibid.70).ItisobviousthatAristotleclassifiesmetaphorsaslyingoutsidenormallanguageuse.Theyaredeviantoraberrantformsofdiscourse.Healsoholdsthatmetaphorhasnocognitivevalueandismerelyanembellishmentoflanguage(Kittay1).AlsointhischapterofPoetics,heelaborateshowmetaphorsareunusualanddiscussestherelationshipbetweenmetaphorandgenius,viewingmetaphorasatalentofepicpoetsandtragedians:

Thegreatestthingbyfaristohaveacommandofmetaphor.Thisalonecannotbeimportedbyanother;itisthemarkofgenius—fortomakegoodmetaphorsimpliesaneyeforresemblances(Aristotle72).

AsHawkswritesaboutAristotle’saccountofmetaphor:

Itisabundantlyclearthat,asanentityinitself,metaphorisregardedasadecorativeadditiontolanguage,tobeusedinspecificways,andatspecifictimesandplaces(ibid.8-9).

InRhetoric,(书名下划线)Aristotlesaysthatthebestmetaphorsarethosethatachievetheeffectofbringingthingsvividlybeforetheeyesoftheaudience.Hearguesthatthiseffectis“producedbywordswhichrefertothingsinaction”(ibid.92-93).“Thebestimageinvolvesametaphor”(ibid.96).Fromtheabovestatements,weknowthatAristotleviewsmetaphorasarhetoricaldeviceandanembellishmentoflanguage.Finallyheestablisheshistheoryonmetaphor—ComparisonTheory.Itistheearliesttheoryinthehistoryofthestudyofmetaphor.Itsmaingistis:

1Metaphorsaremattersoflanguageandnotmattersofthoughtoraction.Thereisnosuchthingasmetaphoricalthoughtoraction.

2Ametaphoroftheform“AisB”isalinguisticexpressionwhosemeaningisthesameasacorrespondinglinguisticexpressionoftheform“AislikeB,inrespectX,Y,Z…”“RespectsX,Y,Z…”characterizewhatwehavecalled“isolatedsimilarities”.

3Ametaphorcanthereforeonlydescribepreexistingsimilarities.Itcan’tcreatesimilarities(Lakoff&Johnson1980:

153).(如果在论文中引用同一作者的不同的著作,应加上出版年代以示区别)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

III.OnSimilarity

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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