toefl signal words.ppt

toefl signal words.ppt

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2013-03-21,signalwords,1,RECOGNIZINGTRANSITIONSORSIGNALWORDS,Transitionsorsignalwordshelpyou,thereader,followthedirectionofawritersthought.Theyarelikesignpostsontheroadthatguidethetraveler.Lookatthefollowingsentences:

Ilovedrinkingcoffee.Itkeepsmeawakeatnight.Ilovedrinkingcoffeeeventhoughitkeepsmeawakeatnight.,2013-03-21,signalwords,2,emphasiswordsadditionwordscomparisonorcontrastwordsillustrationwordscause-and-effectwordsactivity1understandingthebasicpatternsfororganizinginformationspaceclassificationsequenceortimeorderdefinitionendoftheroadsignalsstopactivity2,2013-03-21,signalwords,3,EMPHASISWORDS,Amongthemostvaluablesignalsforyoutoknowareemphasiswords,throughwhichthewritertellsyoudirectlythataparticularideaordetailisespeciallyimportant.Thinkofsuchwordsasredflagsthattheauthorisusingtomakesureyoupayattentiontoanidea.Sometypicalwordsshowingemphasis.,2013-03-21,signalwords,4,importanttonotemostofallasignificantfactoraprimaryconcernakeyfeaturethemainvalueespeciallyvaluablemostnoteworthyrememberthatamajorevent,thechiefoutcometheprincipalitempayparticularattentiontothechieffactoravitalforceaboveallacentralissueadistinctivequalityespeciallyrelevantshouldbenotedthemostsubstantialissue,2013-03-21,signalwords,5,Example:

ChronicairpollutionisexpensivetotheAmericanpublic,costingusdearlyintermsofbothmoneyandhealth.Airpollutioncausesbuildingsandautomobilestodeteriorate.Ourpoisonedairdamagescrops,livestock,roads,andmetalsandforceshugecleaningbillsforeverythingfromdustydraperiestosoot-blackenedbuildings（Griffin,1972）.Itisespeciallyintermsofhealth,however,thatpollutionhurts.ItisestimatedthatbreathingtheairofNewYorkCityistheequivalentofsmokingtwopacksofcigarettesaday.（1signalword）,2013-03-21,signalwords,6,ADDITIONWORDS,Additionwordstellyouthatthewritersthoughtisgoingtocontinueinthesamedirection.Heisgoingtoaddonmorepointsordetailsofthesamekind.Additionwordsaretypicallyusedtosignalenumeration.Lookoversomeadditionwords.,2013-03-21,signalwords,7,alsoanotherfinallyfirstfirstofallforonethingfurthermoreinadditionlastofall,likewisemoreovernextandsecondthethirdreason,2013-03-21,signalwords,8,Example:

Acomputerisoftencalleda“thinkingmachine,”andinmanywaysitisjustthat.Computersperformdifficultandtimesavingmathematicalcomputations,aswellasproblemsinlogicandreasoning.Inaddition,computersrunothermachinesandanswerquestions.Also,theyareusedtoguideastronautsontakeoff.,2013-03-21,signalwords,9,COMPARISONORCONTRASTWORDS,Comparisonwordssignalthattheauthorispointingoutasimilaritybetweentwosubjects.Theytellyouthatthesecondideaislikethefirstoneinsomeway.Lookoverthefollowingcomparisonwords.Contrastwordssignalachangeinthedirectionofthewritersthought.Theytellyouthattheauthorispointingoutadifferencebetweentwosubjectsorstatements.Lookoverthefollowingcontrastwords.,2013-03-21,signalwords,10,likelikewisejustlikeequallyinlikemannerinthesamewayalikesimilaritysimilarlyjustasasinasimilarfashion,buthoweverincontrastyetdifferdifferencevariationstillonthecontraryconverselyotherwiseontheotherhand,2013-03-21,signalwords,11,Example:

Thesexoftheinstructoraffectedtheextentofactivestudentparticipation.Inclassestaughtbymenwithroughlyequalproportionsofmaleandfemalestudents,malestudentswereresponsibleforabout75%ofallclassdiscussion.Similarly,withwomenasinstructors,femalestudentparticipationrosefrom25%to42%;incontrast,maleparticipationslippedfrom75%to58%.,2013-03-21,signalwords,12,ILLUSTRATIONWORDS,Illustrationwordstellyouthatanexampleorillustrationwillbegiventomakeanideaclear.Suchwordsaretypicallyusedintextbooksthatpresentanumberofdefinitionsandexamplesofthosedefinitions.Lookoverthefollowingillustrationwords.,2013-03-21,signalwords,13,forexampletoillustratespecificallyonceforinstancesuchas,2013-03-21,signalwords,14,Example:

BlackEnglishusedtobeconsideredsimplypoorEnglishuntillinguistsrealizedthattheso-callederrorswereactuallyconsistentalternativegrammaticalforms,someofwhichoriginatedinAfricanlinguisticpatterns.Forexample,theword“be”instandardEnglishisprimarilyusedaspartoftheinfinitive“tobe.”ButinBlackEnglish,“be”canalsobeusedtoindicatearepeatedactionorexistentialstate（Labov,1972）.Toillustratethis,inBlackEnglishonecansay“Iamsick”or“Ibesick.”Thefirstmeans“Iamsickatthispresentmoment.”Thesecondincludestherecentpastaswellasthepresent;toexpressthesecondconceptinstandardEnglish,onemightsay,“Ihavebeensickforawhile.”,2013-03-21,signalwo