toefl signal words.ppt

1、2013-03-21,signal words,1,RECOGNIZING TRANSITIONS OR SIGNAL WORDS,Transitions or signal words help you,the reader,follow the direction of a writers thought.They are like signposts on the road that guide the traveler.Look at the following sentences:I love drinking coffee.It keeps me awake at night.I

2、love drinking coffee even though it keeps me awake at night.,2013-03-21,signal words,2,emphasis wordsaddition wordscomparison or contrast wordsillustration wordscause-and-effect wordsactivity 1understanding the basic patterns for organizing informationspaceclassificationsequence or time orderdefinit

3、ionend of the road signals stopactivity 2,2013-03-21,signal words,3,EMPHASIS WORDS,Among the most valuable signals for you to know are emphasis words,through which the writer tells you directly that a particular idea or detail is especially important.Think of such words as red flags that the author

4、is using to make sure you pay attention to an idea.Some typical words showing emphasis.,2013-03-21,signal words,4,important to note most of all a significant factor a primary concern a key feature the main value especially valuable most noteworthy remember that a major event,the chief outcomethe pri

5、ncipal itempay particular attention tothe chief factor a vital forceabove alla central issuea distinctive qualityespecially relevant should be notedthe most substantial issue,2013-03-21,signal words,5,Example:Chronic air pollution is expensive to the American public,costing us dearly in terms of bot

6、h money and health.Air pollution causes buildings and automobiles to deteriorate.Our poisoned air damages crops,livestock,roads,and metals and forces huge cleaning bills for everything from dusty draperies to soot-blackened buildings(Griffin,1972).It is especially in terms of health,however,that pol

7、lution hurts.It is estimated that breathing the air of New York City is the equivalent of smoking two packs of cigarettes a day.(1 signal word),2013-03-21,signal words,6,ADDITION WORDS,Addition words tell you that the writers thought is going to continue in the same direction.He is going to add on m

8、ore points or details of the same kind.Addition words are typically used to signal enumeration.Look over some addition words.,2013-03-21,signal words,7,also another finallyfirst first of all for one thing furthermorein addition last of all,likewise moreover next and second the third reason,2013-03-2

9、1,signal words,8,Example:A computer is often called a“thinking machine,”and in many ways it is just that.Computers perform difficult and timesaving mathematical computations,as well as problems in logic and reasoning.In addition,computers run other machines and answer questions.Also,they are used to

10、 guide astronauts on takeoff.,2013-03-21,signal words,9,COMPARISON OR CONTRAST WORDS,Comparison words signal that the author is pointing out a similarity between two subjects.They tell you that the second idea is like the first one in some way.Look over the following comparison words.Contrast words

11、signal a change in the direction of the writers thought.They tell you that the author is pointing out a difference between two subjects or statements.Look over the following contrast words.,2013-03-21,signal words,10,like likewise just like equally in like manner in the same wayalike similarity simi

12、larlyjust as as in a similar fashion,but however in contrast yet differdifference variation still on the contrary conversely otherwise on the other hand,2013-03-21,signal words,11,Example:The sex of the instructor affected the extent of active student participation.In classes taught by men with roug

13、hly equal proportions of male and female students,male students were responsible for about 75%of all class discussion.Similarly,with women as instructors,female student participation rose from 25%to 42%;in contrast,male participation slipped from 75%to 58%.,2013-03-21,signal words,12,ILLUSTRATION WO

14、RDS,Illustration words tell you that an example or illustration will be given to make an idea clear.Such words are typically used in textbooks that present a number of definitions and examples of those definitions.Look over the following illustration words.,2013-03-21,signal words,13,for example to

15、illustrate specifically once for instance such as,2013-03-21,signal words,14,Example:Black English used to be considered simply poor English until linguists realized that the so-called errors were actually consistent alternative grammatical forms,some of which originated in African linguistic patter

16、ns.For example,the word“be”in standard English is primarily used as part of the infinitive“to be.”But in Black English,“be”can also be used to indicate a repeated action or existential state(Labov,1972).To illustrate this,in Black English one can say“I am sick”or“I be sick.”The first means“I am sick at this present moment.”The second includes the recent past as well as the present;to express the second concept in standard English,one might say,“I have been sick for a while.”,2013-03-21,signal wo