中英教育对比论文.docx

中英教育对比论文.docx

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中英教育对比论文

TheCultureDifferenceReflectedinStudents’CodeofChinese

AndAmericanElementaryandMiddleSchool

HaoZihang

AthesissubmittedtoForeignLanguagesDepartment

inpartialfulfillmentoftherequirement

forthedegreeofBachelorofArts

Underthesupervisionof

LecturerGuoZhiyong

HuakeCollege,TaiyuanUniversityofScienceandTechnology

May2013

Acknowledgements

ForemostamongthosetowhomIremaindeeplyindebtedismysupervisor,GuoZhiyong,withoutwhoseinspiringinstructions,kindsupportandconstantencouragement,thispaperwouldhavebeenimpossible.Ithankhimforhisrespectablestrictattitudetowardsstudy,whichdeeplyimpressedmeduringthesupervisionofthispaperandwillgooninfluencingmeinmyfuturestudy,workandlife.Iespeciallyappreciatehisassistanceinmyselectionofthetopicofthethesis,sortingofthoughts,searchingforreferencesandrevisingmythesis.

IthanktheteachersintheForeignLanguagesDepartmentfortheirinstructionanddevotion,whichmademystayingherefruitfulandrewarding.Mythanksshouldalsogotoalltheauthors,editorsandcontributorsofthereferencearticles,booksandwebsitescitedinmythesis,withoutwhoseefforts,thisthesiswouldn’tbecomplete.

Andatthismoment,Iwanttothankmyparentswhoalwaysprovidemeencouragementalltheseyears.Iamdeeplyindebtedtothemfortheirwhole-heartedsupportduringmywritingthispaper.

Contents

Abstract........................................................................................................i

摘要...........................................................................................................ii

1.Introduction.............................................................................................1

2.CultureandCulturedifference……………………………………….1

3.ReflectionofculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandAmerica

inStudents’code...................................................................................3

3.1DifferencesinwaysofthinkinginChinaandAmerica………………………...3

3.1.1China’swayofthinkingtofocusonintegration…………………………….3

3.1.2America’swayofthinkingtofocusonindividual…………………………..4

3.2Hierarchyofprecedencedifference…………………………….………………4

3.2.1TheauthoritativethoughtfromparentsandteachersinChina……………...4

3.2.2TheequalthoughtbetweenchildrenandparentsinAmerica……………….5

3.3Patriotismeducationdifference………………………………………………...5

3.3.1Chinesepatrioticeducationfocusonsocialismandcollectivism…………..5

3.3.2Americanpatrioticeducationfocusoncapitalismandindividual…….…....6

4.Causesoftheculturedifference………………………………………6

4.1Differenceineconomicsystem…………………………………………….…..6

4.1.1CultivationcultureofChina…………………………………………….…..6

4.1.2IndustrialcivilizationofAmerica……………………………………….…..7

4.2ReligiousDiversity………………………………………………………….….8

4.2.1ConfuciancivilizationinChina……………………………………….…….8

4.2.2RenaissanceHumanisminAmerica………………………………………...9

4.3Socialsystem………………………………………………………………….10

5.EnlightenmenttoChineseEducation.................................................10

5.1Payingattentiontotheindividual…………………………………………….10

5.2Thecodesettingaccordingtotherequirementofage………………………...11

5.3Thebalanceofurbanandruraleducationdevelopment………………………12

6.Conclusion…………………………………………………………….13

References

Abstract：

Cultureisahottopicinacademicstudiesbothathomeandabroad,whichisstudiedbyscholarsindifferentperspectivessuchashistory,anthropology,sociologyandculture.Culturedifferenceisanimportantfactorhinderingeducationandculturalcommunication.Culturedifferencesavesdifferentindicatorsandtherearedifferentcauses,suchaspeople’smindsets,hierarchies,differencesineducationandotheraspects.ThispaperpenetratestheculturedifferencesintheElementaryandMiddleStudents’CodeofChineseandAmerican.Thepaperdiscussesculturedifferencereflectedinstudents’codesandanalyzesthereasonsthatleadtotheculturedifference,suchaseconomicsystem,faithandsocialsystemetc.Thenthewritermakeaconclusiontothephenomenon，seethroughtheappearancetoperceivetheessenceandprojectsomesuggestionfortheChineseeducation.Allthisinordertodeepenpublic’sawarenessofculturedifference,andpromoteinterculturalcommunicationandacceleratethereformofeducationalmodelaswell.

Keywords：

CulturedifferenceIndividualismElementaryandMiddleStudents’CodeofChineseandAmerican

摘要：

文化是国内外学术界研究的一个热门话题，学者们从历史学、人类学、社会学等不同角度对文化进行了研究。

文化差异是制约教育和文化交流的重要因素之一。

文化差异有着不同的指标，有不同的原因造成了人们的思维模式、等级观念、教育方式等方面的差异。

本文从文化差异的视角深入比较了中美《中小学生守则》，并分析了造成这种差异的原因，如，经济制度，信仰和社会制度的差异等。

本文作者对这个现象做出了一些总结，希望透过现象可以看到本质的实物，从而对中国的教育提出了一些建议。

通着这一切来加深人们对中西文化差异的认识，促进跨文化交际以及教育模式的改革。

关键词：

文化差异个人主义中美《中小学生守则》

1.Introduction

InMarch,2011,itispopularthatagraphicnamedthecomparisonofstudents’codebetweenChineseandAmericanthroughmicro-blog,whichcausesthediscussionsfromnetizens.Behindthisphenomenon,thefactisthattheculturebetweenChinaandAmericaisdifferent.Researchshowsthatdifferentlivingenvironments,historicalcontextsandotherfactorsledtotheculturedifferencethatisanimportantfactortolimitinglanguageteachingandcultureexchange.Sincethe80’softhelastcentury,moreattentionispaidtoEnglishteachingwithaviewofculturedifferenceinChina,forexampletheintroductionofculturedifferenceandtheircausesarestudiedtoguideEnglishteachingandculturalexchange.Needlesstosay,acquiringmoreknowledgeofculturedifferencesisveryuseful.Thisarticleanalysesstudents’codeforChineseandAmericanPupilsandMiddleSchoolwiththeperspectiveofculturedifferences,thenweshouldpaymoreattentiontothestudents’development.

2.CultureandCulturedifference

Cultureisaverybroadconceptanditisdifficulttomakeastrictandprecisedefinition,forwhichmanyphilosophers,sociologists,anthropologists,historiansandlinguistshaveworkedtryingtomakeadefinitionforculturefromtheirrespectivedisciplines.Uptonow,however,therestillisnotanexactdefinition.Tospeakingeneralterms,cultureisanintegratedconceptofhumanknowledge,beliefandbehavior,whichisaresultofthehumancapacityforlearningandtransmittingknowledgetosucceedinggenerations.Itthusconsistsoflanguage,idea,belief,custom,taboo,code,institution,tool,technique,workofart,ritual,ceremonyandsymbol.Itplaysacrucialroleinhumanevolution,allowinghumanbeingstoadapttheenvironmenttotheirownpurposesratherthandependsolelyonnaturaltoachievesuccess.Everyhumansocietyhasitsownparticularcultureorsocioculturalsystem.Variationamongculturesisattributabletosuchfactorsasdifferingphysicalhabitatsandresources;therangeofpossibilitiesinareassuchaslanguage,ritual,andsocialorganization;andhistoricalphenomenasuchasthedevelopmentoflinkswithothercultures.

Culturedifferencereferstodifferentresponsesorexpressionsmadebypeoplebelongtotwoormoregeographicalareasornationswhenitcomestothesimilarthingoronesameobject.In1965,GeertfoundedthepersonnelresearchdepartmentofIBMEurope.Between1967and1973,heexecutedalargesurveystudyregardingnationalvaluesdifferencesacrosstheworldwidesubsidiariesofthismultinationalcorporation.Hecomparedtheanswersof117,000IBMmatchedemployeessamplesonthesameattitudesurveyindifferentcountries.Hefirstfocusedhisresearchonthe40largestcountriesandthenextendeditto50countriesand3regions.GeertHofstede’stheoryofculturaldimensionsdescribestheeffectsofasociety’scultureonthevaluesofitsmembers,andhowthesevaluesrelatetobehavior,usingastructurederivedfromfactoranalysis.Thisinitialanalysisidentifiedsystematicdifferencesinnationalculturesonfiveprimarydimensions:

powerdistanceindex（PDI）,individualism（IDV）,uncertaintyavoidanceindex（UAI）andmasculinity（MAS）,Longtermorientation（LTO）,whicharedescribedbelow.

Powerdistanceindex（PDI）:

“Powerdistanceistheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersoforganizationsandinstitutions（likethefamily）acceptandexpectthatpowerisdistributedunequally.”Culturesthatendorselowpowerdistanceexpectandacceptpowerrelationsthataremoreconsultativeordemocratic.Inhighpowerdistancecountries,lesspowerfulacceptpowerrelationsthataremoreautocraticandpaternalistic.Subordinatesacknowledgethepowerofotherssimplybasedonwheretheyaresituatedincertainformal,hierarchicalpositions.Assuch,thepowerdistanceindexHofstededefinesdoesnotreflectanobjectivedifferenceinpowerdistribution,butratherthewaypeopleperceivepowerdifferences.（http:

//www.geerthofstede.nl/index）

Individualism（IDV）vs.collectivism:

“Thedegreetowhichindividualsareintegratedintogroups”.Inindividualisticsocieties,thestressisputtedonpersonalachievementsandindividualrights.Peopleareexpectedtostandupforthemselvesandtheirimmediatefamily,andtochoosetheirownaffiliations.Incontrast,incollectivistsocieties,individualsactpredominantlyasmembersofalifelongandcohesivegroupororganization（note:

“Thewordcollectivisminthissensehasnopoliticalmeaning:

itreferstothegroup,nottothestate”）.Peoplehavelargeextendedfamilies,whichareusedasaprotectioninexchangeforunquestioningloyalty.（http:

//www.geerthofstede.nl/index）

Uncertaintyavoidanceindex（UAI）:

“asociety’stoleranceforuncertaintyandambiguity”.Itreflectstheextenttowhichmembersofasocietyattempttocopewithanxietybyminimizinguncer