Section 3 Words and Expressions.docx

Section 3 Words and Expressions.docx

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Section3WordsandExpressions

Section3:

WordsandExpressionsfromModule4Carnival

carnival

n.

1[C,U]apublicfestival,usuallyonethathappensataregulartimeeachyear,thatinvolvesmusicanddancinginthestreets,forwhichpeoplewearbrightlycolouredclothes:

Thereisalocalcarnivaleveryyear.thecarnivalinRioacarnivalatmosphere2.[sing.]~ofsth.（formal）anexcitingorbrightlycolouredmixtureofthings:

thissummer’scarnivalofsport

ghost

n.

1[C]thespiritofadeadpersonthatalivingpersonbelievestheycanseeorhear:

Doyoubelieveinghosts（=believethattheyexist）?

theghostofherfatherthathadcomebacktohauntherHelookedasifhehadseenaghost（=lookedveryfrightened）.2[C]thememoryofsth.,especiallysth.bad:

Theghostofanti-SemitismstillhauntsEurope.

giveuptheghost1todie2（humorous）（ofamachine）tostopworking:

Mycarfinallygaveuptheghost.

v.

1=ghostwrite2[v+adv./prep.]（literary）tomovewithoutmakingasound:

Theyghostedupthesmoothwatersoftheriver.

costume

n.

1[C,U]theclotheswornbypeoplefromaparticularplaceorduringaparticularhistoricalperiod:

nationalcostume2[C,U]theclotheswornbyactorsinaplayorfilm/movie,orwornbysb.tomakethemlooklikesth.else:

Theactorswerestillincostumeandmake-up.Shehasfourcostumechangesduringtheplay.Hewenttothepartyinagiantchickencostume.acostumehide

v.（hid/hd/hidden/hdn/）

1[vn]toputorkeepsb./sth.inaplacewherethey/itcannotbeseenorfoundconceal:

Hehidtheletterinadrawer.Ikeepmyprivatepapershidden.Theyhidmefromthepoliceintheirattic.2togosomewherewhereyouhopeyouwillnotbeseenorfound:

[v]Quick,hide!

Ihidunderthebed.Wehidfromourpursuersinanemptyhouse.（figurative）Hehidbehindafalseidentity.[vn]Shehidesherselfawayinherofficeallday.

hideyourlightunderabushel（BrE）tonotletpeopleknowthatyouaregoodatsth.

n.

1[C]（BrE）aplacefromwhichpeoplecanwatchwildanimalsorbirds,withoutbeingseenbythem2[C,U]ananimal’sskin,especiallywhenitisboughtorsoldorusedforleather:

bootsmadefrombuffalohideablackhidebelt3[sing.]（informal,especiallyNAmE）usedtorefertosb.’slifeorsafetywhentheyareinadifficultsituation:

Allhe’sworriedaboutishisownhide（=himself）.She’ddoanythingtosaveherownhide.

have/tansb.’shide（old-fashioned,informalorhumorous）topunishsb.severely

notseehidenorhairofsb./sth.（informal）nottoseesb./sth.forsometime:

Ihaven’tseenhidenorhairofherforamonth.

confusion

n.

1[U,C]~（about/oversth.）|~（astosth.）astateofnotbeingcertainaboutwhatishappening,whatyoushoulddo,whatsth.means,etc.:

Thereissomeconfusionaboutwhatthecorrectprocedureshouldbe.aconfusionastowhattodonext2[U,C]~（betweenAandB）thefactofmakingamistakeaboutwhosb.isorwhatsth.is:

Toavoidconfusion,pleasewritethechildren’snamesclearlyonalltheirschoolclothes.confusionbetweenlettersofthealphabetlike‘o’or‘a’

extend

v.

MAKELONGER/LARGER/WIDER

1[vn]tomakesth.longerorlarger:

toextendafence/road/houseThereareplanstoextendtheno-smokingarea.2[vn]tomakesth.lastlonger:

toextendadeadline/visaTheshowhasbeenextendedforanothersixweeks.Carefulmaintenancecanextendthelifeofyourcar.3[vn]tomakeabusiness,anidea,aninfluence,etc.covermoreareasoroperateinmoreplaces:

ThecompanyplanstoextenditsoperationsintoEurope.Theschoolisextendingtherangeofsubjectstaught.

INCLUDE

4[v+adv./prep.]torelatetoorincludesb./sth.:

Theofferdoesnotextendtoemployees'partners.Hiswillingnesstohelpdidnotextendbeyondmakingafewphonecalls.

COVERAREA/TIME/DISTANCE

5[v+adv./prep.]tocoveraparticulararea,distanceorlengthoftime:

Ourlandextendsasfarastheriver.Hiswritingcareerextendedoveraperiodof40years.

6[vn+adv./prep.]tomakesth.reachsth.orstretch:

toextendaropebetweentwoposts

PARTOFBODY

7[vn]tostretchpartofyourbody,especiallyanarmoraleg,awayfromyourself:

Heextendedhishandto（=offeredtoshakehandswith）thenewemployee.（figurative）toextendthehandoffriendshipto（=trytohavegoodrelationswith）anothercountry

OFFER/GIVE

8[vn]~sth.tosb.（formal）toofferorgivesth.tosb.:

I’msureyouwilljoinmeinextendingaverywarmwelcometoourvisitors.toextendhospitalitytooverseasstudentstoextendaninvitationThebankrefusedtoextendcredittothem（=tolendthemmoney）.[alsovnn]

USEEFFORT/ABILITY

9[vn][oftenpassive]tomakesb./sth.usealltheireffort,abilities,supplies,etc.:

Jimdidn’treallyhavetoextendhimselfintheexam.Hospitalswerealreadyfullyextendedbecauseoftheepidemic.

pretend

v.

1~（tosb.）（that...）tobehaveinaparticularway,inordertomakeotherpeoplebelievesth.thatisnottrue:

[v]I’mtiredofhavingtopretendallthetime.OfcourseIwaswrong;itwouldbehypocriticaltopretendotherwise.[v（that）]Hepretendedtohisfamilythateverythingwasfine.Wepretended（that）nothinghadhappened.Shepretended（that）shewashisniece.[vtoinf]Ipretendedtobeasleep.Hepretendednottonotice.Shedidn’tlovehim,thoughshepretendedto.[vn]（formal）Shepretendedaninterestshedidnotfeel.2（especiallyofchildren）toimaginethatsth.istrueaspartofagame:

[v（that）]Let’spretend（that）we’reastronauts.[v]Theydidn’thaveanyrealmoneysotheyhadtopretend.

adj.[usuallybeforen.]（informal）（oftenusedbychildren）notreal,imaginary:

pretendcakes

empire

n.

1agroupofcountriesorstatesthatarecontrolledbyonerulerorgovernment:

theRomanempire2agroupofcommercialorganizationscontrolledbyonepersonorcompany:

abusinessempire

memory

n.

ABILITYTOREMEMBER

1[C,U]~（forsth.）yourabilitytorememberthings:

Ihaveabadmemoryfornames.Peoplehaveshortmemories（=theysoonforget）.Hehadalongmemoryforpeoplewhohaddisappointedhim.Shecanrecitethewholepoemfrommemory.Hesufferedlossofmemoryforweeksaftertheaccident.Areyousure?

Memorycanplaytricksonyou.Iquicklycommittedthenumberofthecartomemory（=learnedandrememberedit）.Thedrugshadasevereeffectonhershort-termmemory.2[U]theperiodoftimethatsb.isabletorememberevents:

Therehasn’tbeenpeaceinthecountryin/withinmymemory.Itwastheworststorminrecentmemory.Thishasn’thappenedinlivingmemory（=nobodyalivenowcanrememberithappening）.

STH.YOUREMEMBER

COMPUTING

if（my）memoryservesmewell,correctly,etc.ifIremembercorrectly

inmemoryofsb.|tothememoryofsb.intendedtoshowrespectandremindpeopleofsb.whohasdied:

Hefoundedthecharityinmemoryofhislatewife.Thestatuewaserectedtothememoryofmyfather.

revive

v.

1tobecome,ortomakesb./sth.become,consciousorhealthyandstrongagain:

[v]Theflowerssoonrevivedinwater.Theeconomyisbeginningtorevive.[vn]Theparamedicscouldn’treviveher.Thismovieisintendedtoreviveherflaggingcareer.Attemptstorevivehimfailed.2[vn]tomakesth.startbeingusedordoneagain:

Thisquaintcustomshouldberevived.Shehasbeentryingtorevivethedebateoverequalpay.Thepoortradefigureshaverevivedfearsofhigherinterestrates.3[vn]toproduceagainaplay,etc.thathasnotbeenperformedforsometime:

This1930smusicalisbeingrevivedattheNationalTheatre.

council

n.[C+sing./pl.v.]

1agroupofpeoplewhoareelectedtogovernanareasuchasacityorcounty:

acity/county/borough/districtcouncilShe’sonthelocalcouncil.acouncilmember/meeting2（BrE）theorganizationthatprovidesservicesinacityorcounty,forexampleeducation,houses,libraries,etc.:

councilworkers/services

book

n.

PRINTEDWORK

1[C]asetofprintedpagesthatarefastenedinsideacoversothatyoucanturnthemandreadthem:

apileofbookshardback/paperbackbooks2[C]awrittenworkpublishedinprintedorelectronicform:

abookbyStephenKingabookabout/onwildlifereference/children’s/librarybooks

FORWRITINGIN

3[C]asetofsheetsofpaperthatarefastenedtogetherinsideacoverandusedforwritingin:

anexercisebookanotebook

OFSTAMPS/TICKETS/MATCHES,etc.

4[C]asetofthingsthatarefastenedtogetherlikeabook:

abookofstamps/tickets/matchesachequebook

ACCOUNTS

5books[pl.]thewrittenrecordsofthefinancialaffairsofabusinessaccounts:

todothebooks（=tochecktheaccounts）Youneedtogooverthebooksagain;there’samistakesomewhere.

SECTIONOFBIBLE,etc.

6[C]asectionofalargewrittenwork:

thebooksoftheBible

FORBETTING

7[C]（BrE）arecordofbetsmadeonwhethersth.willhappen,sb.willwinarace,etc.:

They’veopenedabookonwho’llwintheChampionship.

beinsb.’sgood/badbooks（informal）usedtosaythatsb.ispleased/annoyedwithyou:

I’minhergoodbooksatthemomentbecauseIclearedupthekitchen.

bringsb.tobook（forsth.）（formal,especiallyBrE）topunishsb.fordoingsth.wrongandmakethemexplaintheirbehaviour:

Wewillensurethatpeoplewhocommitfraudarebroughttobookthroughthecourts.

bythebookfollowingrulesandinstructionsinaverystrictway:

Shealwaysdoeseverythingbythebook.

inmybook（informal）usedwhenyouaregivingyouropinion:

That’scheatinginmybook.

（be）onsb.’sbooks（tobe）onanorganization’slist,forexampleofpeoplewhoareavailableforaparticulartypeofwork:

Wehaveveryfewnursesonourbooksatthemoment