托福写作词汇语法.docx
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托福写作词汇语法
写作无非就是字词句章
分清三种句子：
简单句、并列句和复杂句
（一）简单句：
五种句型
A.S+V
B.S+V+O
C.S+be+表语predicative
D.S+V+双宾语double-objects
E.S+V+复合宾语complexobject
Manypeopletravellocally.
Thecompetitionbetweenaircompaniesgivesrisetofallingairfare.
Largeindustrialsitesarelocatedoutsidecityareas.
TheyteachusChineseandweteachthemEnglish．
Ifyoufindthemerchandisedissatisfactory,theycantakeitback.
Theamountofmoneymadebysuchsportsstarsismorejustifiedthanthehugeearningsofmoviestars.
1.主谓宾缺少任何一成分，都不完整
2．从句也应具备一个句子基本所有成分
3．多于一个主语使用并列连词
4．一个句子出现多个谓语动词，
A使用连词构成并列结构B跟动词做宾语或宾补C用在从句中
（二）复合句and/or/but主谓宾+主谓宾
Poorstudentbehaviorseemstobeanincreasinglywidespreadproblemandmodernlifestylesareprobablyresponsibleforthis.
（三）复杂句
没有连词的那个主谓宾叫主句，用一个连词或连词词组引出的那个主谓宾叫从句
Whilesomepeoplelinkhappinesstowealthandmaterialsuccess,othersthinkitliesinemotionsandlovingpersonalrelationships.
Asthispolicywouldalsoaffectthecostofpublictransport,itwouldbeverypopularwitheveryonewhoneedstotravelontheroads.
正确理解5种句子成分
主谓宾（表）定状（补、同）
关键：
什么样的词，短语或从句能充当这种成分？
主语:
任何名词性质的成分都可以充当主语（名词，代词，动名词，不定式，what/that/how从句）
特别注意：
动词原形不能做主语！
！
！
谓语:
必须是动词（实义动词和系动词）
宾语:
名词性质的成分（名词，代词，动名词，不定式，what/that/how从句）
有一种特殊情况，当动词是be/become/seem/remain时，后面的词叫做表语；表语变化多样一些
定语：
最常用：
形容词，还有：
现在分词，过去分词，定语从句（that/which/why/when/where）
状语:
可修饰动词，形容词或者全句；由副词、介词短语，状语从句或者动词不定式构成
同位语Jobsatisfaction,averyimportantpartofanemployee’ssenseofwellbeing,canbepromotedinmostjobs.
12个易犯错误
1.Employeecangetmorebenefitsfromtelecommutingthanemployer.
2.Workathomeusingmoderntechnologycangreatlyenhance.
3.Childrenwhoareraiseinimpoverishedfamiliescangenerallydealwithproblemsmoreeffectivelyintheiradultyears.
4.Theproblemsthatarecreatedbyenvironmentalcontaminationisveryhardtoresolve.
5.Manystudentsarelikestudyinghomeeconomics.
6.Culturesaroundtheworldwerebecomingincreasinglysimilartoday.
7.Intelligentstudentsshouldnotbetreateddifferentbytheirteachers.
8.Countriesshouldpayattentiononthedisadvantagesglobalizationmaycreate.
9.Theinternethasinsteadofteachersinmanyclassrooms.
10.Someparentsdonotobeytrafficruleshimself.
11.Somepeoplethinktheinternetonlyhaspositiveimpact,otherpeoplebelieveitalsohasnegativeinfluenceonourlives.
12.Therearemanyparentsthinkthatthemainpurposeofeducationshouldbetoprovidechildrenwithknowledge.
打破句子的单调感
1.状语前置
Clearly,thisisapositivealternativeformotivatedparentsandtheirchildren.
Inreality,there’snoconclusiveevidencethathumanactivityhasanyeffectontheEarth’ssurfacetemperature.
Byassigninghouseholdchorestotheirkids,parentsrecognizechildren’sabilitytocontributetotherunningofthehome.
Timeandtimeagain,peoplewhomakeinternalchangesthatallowthemtolovetheirworkfindthattheystillfeelfrustratednomatterhowhardtheytrytolovetheirwork.
Giventhechoice,hewouldsacrificethehigh-payingjobinexchangeformoreleisuretime.
Apartfrombeingusedasaschool,thebuildingisusedforweddings,partiesandmeetings.
2.句中引入小短语
Shopping,anecessarypartofdailylife,isincreasinglytime-consuminginNorthAmerica.
We’llalldieintheend,andbecauseofthis,weshouldcherisheverymomentoflife.
Apositiveattitude,afterall,isessentialforastudent’sacademicperformance.
Manyscientistsbelievethathumanactivityhasverylittle,ifany,impactontherecentwarmingtrendonEarth.
3.副词领路人
TheabilitytospeakEnglishisincreasinglyimportantinaglobalsociety.
Theproduct’ssuccesscannotbesolelyattributedtotheadvertising.
Approximately/markedly/substantially/considerably/slightly/marginally/fractionally
4.倒装---是为了更好的前进
Notonlyshouldtheparentsspendmoretimewiththeirchildren,theyshouldalsotrytocommunicatewiththeirchildrenmoreoften.
Onlyinthiswaycantheproblemofchildobesitybeeffectivelycontrolled.
Undernocircumstances/onnoaccountshouldteacherspunishtheirstudentsphysically.
Strangeasitmayseem,parents’attentionsometimeshindersstudents’academicprogress.
Yes,practicemakesperfect.Butequallyimportanttosuccessinlearningaforeignlanguageisconstantattentiontodetails.
5.强调---人生要有重心
Althoughfriendsdefinitelyplayasignificantroleinshapingteenagers’personality,itistheparentsandsiblingsthathaveafargreaterimpactonthedevelopmentoftheirpersonalitytraits.
6.虚拟---但不是网络
TherecentcrisiscouldnothaveoccurredwithouttheparticipationofthebiggestplayersonWallStreet.
Byopeningourcommunitytodifferentpeople,wecouldalsoexpecttobeexposedtonewideasthattheycouldbringwiththem.
Hadilivedinasmalltown,mylifewouldhavebeenconfinedtoveryfewpossibilities.
Beitlearningstyles,culture,race,sexualorientation,class,religion,ability,orgender---allidentitiesshouldberecognizedandreflectedinthecurriculum.
7.抽象派的of
（be）+of+抽象名词use/importance/help/value/interest/significance/necessity/quality
Whetherpeopleinthedevelopingworldaresufferingisofnointeresttomanywealthycitizensinindustrialcountries.
Fossilfuelisofgreatimportancetothedevelopmentofindustry,transportationandtourism.
8.被动---北美人的最爱
Ithadbeenconfirmedbyscientiststhatprolongedexposuretohighlevelsofnoiseinmoderncitiescanleadtohearinglossandhighbloodpressure.
Itcanbearguedthat….
Ithasbeennotedthat…
It’scommonlyacceptedthat..,
It’sgenerallyrecognizedthat….
9.变性但不变态
Peopleareconcernedbecausetraditionalvaluesaregraduallydisappearingfromthetribes.
Peopleareconcernedaboutthegradualdisappearanceofthetraditionaltribalvalues.
Somepeopledon’tfulfilltheirresponsibilitiesasparents.
Somepeopledon’tfulfilltheirparentalresponsibilities.
常用互换词
动词---名词
Improve/improvementintendto/intentiongraduate/graduationdecide/decisionexplore/exploration
Discover/discoveryaspireto/aspirationprovide/provision
形容词---名词
Mature/maturitychaotic/chaosgenerous/generositypossible/possibilityhappy/happiness
Applicable/applicabilityoptimistic/optimismstable/stabilitydisastrous/disaster
Telecommunicatingcanbringnumerousbenefitstobothemployeesandemployers.
Bothemployeesandemployerscanbenefitfromtelecommunicating.
Telecommunicatingisbeneficialtobothemployeesandemployers.
Bothemployeesandemployerscanbebeneficiariesoftelecommunicating.
10.副词排比
Athletestendtomovegracefully,energeticallyandpowerfully.
Allthismaterialisnowquickly,inexpensivelyandreadilyavailablefromthecomfortofourdesksandworkstations.
Somepeoplearguethatthenewinstructionmethodologycanhelpstudentsdevelopintellectuallyandemotionally.
11.双重否定就是肯定
Itisnotunrealistictopromotemorejobsatisfactioninanyjob.
Thesedays,itisnotuncommonthatyoungpeoplehaveabreakfromstudyingaftergraduatingfromhighschool.
DuringChristopherColumbus’manyvoyages,itwasnotunusualforhalfofthecrewtodieofdiseases.
Notsurprisingly,studentswhoareunderconstantstressintheirstudiesmaysufferfrommentalproblemsorevencommitcrimes.
常用托福写作连接词
从句与主句之间的5种关系
1.因果关系
原因
as
因为
接从句
dueto
因为
接名词
owingto
结果
hence
因此，所以
用在句首，句中
thus
therefore
asaconsequence
做为结果相应地
句首比较多
asaresult
consequently
sothat
为了
句中
2.对比关系
单词
说明
While......
用在句首或者句中，表示主句和从句之间的对比
Whilst.....
Whereas.....
By/Incontrast
用在句首，表示它之前的那个句子和它之后所引导的句子之间的对比
Unlike....,.....
常用在句首，后接名词或名词短语，逗号，主句
AdifferfromBinthat....
句式
3.让步关系
despite
尽管
接名或代
inspiteof
notwithstanding
nonetheless
尽管如此
接句子
nevertheless
eventhough
尽管
接从句（已经存在的状况的让步）
evenif
即使
接从句（没有发生的状况的让步）
albeit
尽管
句子中间，接形容词或介词短语
nomatter
不论
后接how/what/when/where+从句
aslongas
只要
口语里更加常用
.....assb./sth.Maybe（be可换成seem）
尽管某人或某事物可能是.......
常放在句首，属于倒装句式
4.假设关系
Providedthat..../if.....,（then）/onconditionthat......
Asenseofachievementisalsoencouragedifaworkerfeelsthejobisworthdoing.
Thegovernmentwillincreaseitssupportforpubliceducation,providedthatsuchfundscanbeputtogooduse.
5.取舍关系
apartfrom...../inadditionto...../aswellas...../ratherthan...../insteadof....
instead,..../rather..../otherwise/similarly,/likewise/Accordingly,.../specifically/particularly/inparticular/Admittedly,....Nevertheless,.....
北美写作162句型
前进类：
1.besupposedto=should
2.holdfastto牢牢地把握住
3.bearinmindthat….牢记
4.Thereisnobetterwayto….than….to..是去做某事的最好方式
5.goalongway非常有效
6.it’sworthwhileto…=beworthdoing
7.givesb.thecreditfor….把。
。
。
归功于某人
8.enablesbtodosth/equipsb.withtheabilitytodosth
9.drawon借鉴
10.boostefficiency/productivity提高效率/生产率
11.givesb.acompetitiveedge给某人有竞争力的优势
12.….isagatewayto……是通向某一目标的途径
13.expandone’soutlook开阔某人的眼界
14.isagoodvehiclefor..承载信息的手段
15.generate….employmentopportunities创造就业机会
16.dedicateAtoB=spendAonB
17.assume/shouldertheresponsibilityfor承担起。
。
。
责任
18.bemindfulof=paycloseattentionto
19.awealthof大量（有益）的东西
20.isalifelongprocess是持续一生的过程
21.put…intopractice把。
。
。
投入实践
22.fulfillone’spotential/stretchsb发挥某人的潜力
23.fromwithin来自内心深处
24.removethebarrierfor为。
。
。
消除障碍
25.beintunewith与。
。
。
。
一致，与。
。
。
和谐
26.keeppacewith与。
。
。
同步发展
27.promotethedevelopmentof促进。
。
。
。
的发展
28.raisepeople’sawarenessof提高人们的某种意识
29.hasfoundone’sniche找到了属于自己的一片天地
30.bethecornerstoneof是。
。
。
的基石=bethebedrockof
31.beanessentialingredientof是。
。
。
的必备条件
32.sharpenone’sintellect提高某人用知识去分析问题的能力
33.achieveandmaintainsth实现并且保持某种状态
34.beapositivealternative某事是有益的替代方式
35.participatein=takepartin
36.affordthepeoplethesense
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