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职称英语理工类新增文章
2014职称英语理工类新增文章
∙第八篇 WhatIsaDream?
（B级）
Forcenturies,peoplehavewonderedaboutthestrangethingsthattheydreamabout.Some psychologistssaythatthisnighttimeactivityofthemindhasnospecialmeaning.Others,however,thinkthatdreamsareanimportantpartofourlives.Infact,manyexpertsbelievethatdreamscantellusaboutaperson'smindandemotions.
Beforemodemtimes,manypeoplethoughtthatdreamscontainedmessagesfromGod.Itwasonlyinthetwentiethcenturythatpeoplestartedtostudydreamsinascientificway.
TheAustrianpsychologist,SigmundFreud,wasprobablythefirstpersontostudydreams scientifically.Inhisfamousbook,TheinterpretationofDreams（1900）,Freudwrotethatdreams areanexpressionsofaperson'swishes.Hebelievedthatdreamsallowpeopletoexpressthe feelings,thoughts,andfearsthattheyareafraidtoexpressinreallife.
TheSwisspsychiatristCarlJungwasonceastudentofFreud's.Jung,however,hadadifferentideaaboutdreams.Jungbelievedthatthepurposeofadreamwastocommunicateamessagetothedreamer.Hethoughtpeoplecouldlearnmoreaboutthemselvesbythinkingabouttheirdreams.Forexample,peoplewhodreamaboutfallingmaylearnthattheyhavetoohighanopinionofthemselves.Ontheotherhand,peoplewhodreamaboutbeingheroesmaylearnthattheythinktoolittleofthemselves.
Modem-daypsychologistscontinuetodeveloptheoriesaboutdreams.Forexample, psychologistWilliamDomhofffromtheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz,believesthatdreams aretightlylinkedtoaperson'sdailylife,thoughts,andbehavior.Acriminal,forexample,might dreamaboutcrime.
Dornhoffbelievesthatthereisaconnectionbetweendreamsandage.Hisresearchshowsthatchildrendonotdreamasmuchasadults.AccordingtoDomhoff,dreamingisamentalskillthatneedstimetodevelop.
Hehasalsofoundalinkbetweendreamsand gender.Hisstudiesshowthatthedreamsofmenandwomenaredifferent.Forexample,thepeopleinmen'sdreamsareoftenothermen,andthedreamsofteninvolvefighting.Thisisnottrueofwomen'sdreams.3Domhofffoundthisgenderdifferenceinthedreamsofpeoplefrom11culturesaroundtheworld,includingbothmodemandtraditionalones.
Candreamshelpusunderstandourselves?
Psychologistscontinuetotrytoanswerthisquestionindifferentways.However,onethingtheyagreeonthis:
Ifyoudreamthatsomethingterribleisgoingtooccur,youshouldn'tpanic.Thedreammayhavemeaning,butitdoesnotmeanthatsometerribleeventwillactuallytakeplace.It'simportanttorememberthattheworldofdreamsisnottherealworld.
注释：
1.SigmundFreud西格蒙德.费洛伊德（1856-1939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。
精神分析学派的创始人。
他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。
著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等 2.CarlJung:
卡尔.荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人 3.Forexample.thepeopleinmen’sdreamsareoftenothermen，andthedreamsofteninvolvefighting.Thisisnottrueofwomen’sdreams.例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关;女人做梦与男人则不同。
练习：
1.Noteveryoneagreesthatdreamsaremeaningful.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
2.AccordingtoFreud,peopledreamaboutthingsthattheycannottalkabout.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
3.Jungbelievedthatdreamsdidnothelponetounderstandoneself.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
4.Inthepast,peoplebelievedthatdreamsinvolvedemotions.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
5.AccordingtoDornhoff,babiesdonothavethesameabilitytodreamasadultsdo.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
6.Menandwomendreamaboutdifferentthings.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
7.Scientistsagreethatdreamspredictthefuture.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
∙答案与题解：
1.A这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。
即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义;而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感。
.2.A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、想法或恐惧。
此句与本叙述一致。
3.B第四段的第二句和第三句：
Jungbelievedthatthepurposeofadreamwastocommunicateamessagetothedreamer.（荣格认为梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息）Hethoughtpeoplecouldlearnmoreaboutthemselvesbythinkingabouttheirdreams.（他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己）。
他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。
4.C文中没有提及。
5.A依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：
婴儿不像成人做那么多的梦，做梦是一种需要时间提高的技能。
这就说明了婴儿不具备成人做梦的能力。
6.A本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。
第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。
7.B最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：
梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。
因而不能预测未来。
阅读判断第十篇
∙第十篇：
TheBiologyofMusic（B级）
Humansusemusicasapowerfulwaytocommunicate.Itmayalsoplayanimportantrolein love.Butwhatismusic,andhowdoesitworkitsmagic?
Sciencedoesnotyethaveallthe answers.
Whataretwothingsthatmakehumansdifferentfromanimals?
Oneislanguage,andtheotherismusic.Itistruethatsomeanimalscansing（andmanybirdssing.betterthanalotofpeople）.However,thesongsofanimals,suchasbirdsandwhales,areverylimited.Itisalsotruethathumans,notanimals,havedevelopedmusicalinstruments.
Musicisstrangestuff.Itisclearlydifferentfromlanguage.However,peoplecanusemusictocommunicatethings--especiallytheiremotions.Whenmusiciscombinedwithspeechinasong,itisaverypowerfulformofcommunication.But,biologicallyspeaking,whatismusic?
Ifmusicistrulydifferentfromspeech,thenweshouldprocessmusicandlanguageindifferentpartsofthebrain.Thescientificevidencesuggeststhatthisistrue.
Sometimespeoplewhosufferbraindamagelosetheirabilitytoprocesslanguage.However,theydon'tautomaticallylosetheirmusicalabilities.Forexample,VissarionShebalin,aRussian composer,hadastrokein1953.Itinjuredtheleftsideofhisbrain.Hecouldnolongerspeakor understandspeech.Hecould,however,stillcomposemusicuntilhisdeathtenyearslater.Onthe otherhand,sometimesstrokescausepeopletolosetheirmusicalability,buttheycanstillspeakandunderstandspeech.Thisshowsthatthebrainprocessesmusicandlanguageseparately.
Bystudyingthephysicaleffectsofmusiconthebody,scientistshavealsolearnedalotabouthowmusicinfluencestheemotions.Butwhydoesmusichavesuchastrongeffectonus?
Thatisaharderquestiontoanswer.GeoffreyMiller,aresearcheratUniversityCollege,London,thinksthatmusicandlovehaveastrongconnection.Musicrequiresspecialtaleent,practice,andphysicalability.That'swhyitmaybeawayofshowingyourfitnesstobesomeone's.mate.Forexample,singingintuneorplayingamusicalinstrumentrequiresfinemuscularcontrol.Youalsoneedagoodmemorytorememberthenotes.Andplayingorsingingthosenotescorrectlysuggeststhatyourhearingisinexcellentcondition.Finally,whenamansingstothewomanheloves（orviceversa）,itmaybeawayofshowingoff.
However,Miller'stheorystilldoesn'texplainwhycertaincombinationsofsoundsinfluenceouremotionssodeeply.Forscientists,thisisclearlyanareathatneedsfurtherresearch.
注释：
1.Itisalsotruethathumans，notanimals，havedevelopedmusicalinstruments：
人研制出了乐器，而动物则不能。
develop：
研制，例如：
Scientistsaredevelopingnewdrugstotreatcancer.科学家们正在研发新药用以治疗癌症。
练习：
1.Humans,butnotanimals,cansing.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
2.Peoplecanusemusictocommunicatetheiremotions.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
3.Weusethesamepartofthebrainformusicandlanguage.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
4.GeofferyMilerhasdoneresearchonmusicandemotions.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
5.It'shardforhumanstocomposemusic.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
6.Memoryisnotanimportantpartinsingingintune.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
7.Scientistsdoesnotknowalltheanswersabouttheeffectsofmusiconhumans.
ARightBWrongCNotmentioned
∙答案与题解：
1.B第二段的第三句：
Itistruethatsomeanimalscansing（andmanybirdssingbetterthanalotofpeople）.可以看出有些动物会唱歌，而不只人类会唱歌。
2.A第三段的第三句：
However，peoplecanusemusictocommunicatethings—especiallytheiremotions.这句清楚表明，人们可以用音乐来表达情感。
3.B第四段说明：
科学证明人们用大脑的不同区域处理语言和音乐。
在第五段，作者用VissarionShebalin的例子进一步说明人脑处理语言和音乐的位置不同，Shebalin中风以后不能讲话也听不懂别人的话，但他却能创作乐曲。
4.A第六段的第四句：
GeoffreyMiller，aresearcheratUniversityCollege，London，thinksthat musicandlovehaveastrongconnection.这句说明Miller对音乐和爱（情感）的关系进行了研究，他得出的结论是：
音乐和爱有密切的关联。
5.C文中没有提及创作乐曲是否困难。
6.B第六段有一句：
Youalsoneedagoodmemorytorememberthenotes.此句说明必须具备好的记忆力记音符才能唱得符合调子。
7.A最后一段讲的是：
科学家们需要做更多的研究才能解释为什么有些声音影响我们的情感会如此之深。
也就是说，科学家不能全部解释音乐对人类的影响。
阅读判断第十一篇
∙第十一篇BillGates:
UnleashingYourCreativity（A级）
I’vealwaysbeenanoptimistandIsupposeitisrootedin1mybeliefthatthepowerofcreativityandintelligencecanmaketheworldabetterplace.
ForaslongasIcanremember,I’velovedlearningnewthingsandsolvingproblems.SowhenIsatdownatacomputerforthefirsttimeinseventhgrade,Iwashooked.Itwasaclunkyoldteletypemachineanditcouldbarelydoanythingcomparedtothecomputerswehavetoday.2Butitchangedmylife.
WhenmyfriendPaulAllenandIstartedMicrosoft30yearsago，wehadavisionof“acomputeroneverydeskandineveryhome”,whichprobablysoundedalittletoooptimisticatatimewhenmostcomputerswerethesizeofrefrigerators.Butwebelievedthatpersonalcomputerswouldchangetheworld.Andtheyhave.
Andafter30years,I’mstillasinspiredbycomputersasIwasbackinseventhgrade.
Ibelievethatcomputersarethemostincredibletoolwecanusetofeedourcuriosityandinventiveness—tohelpussolveproblemsthateventhesmartestpeoplecouldn’tsolveontheirown.
Computershavetransformedhowwelearn，givingkidseverywhereawindowintoalloftheworld’sknowledge.They’rehelpingusbuildcommunitiesaroundthethingswecareaboutandtostayclosetothepeoplewhoareimportanttous,nomatterwheretheyare.3
LikemyfriendWarrenBuffett,Ifeelparticularlyluckytodosomethingeveryd
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