职称英语理工类新增文章.docx

1、职称英语理工类新增文章2014职称英语理工类新增文章 第八篇 What Is a Dream?(B级)For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Somepsychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact

2、, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a persons mind and emotions.Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was

3、 probably the first person to study dreamsscientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ), Freud wrote that dreamsare an expressions of a persons wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express thefeelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real

4、 life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For examp

5、le, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example,psychologist William

6、 Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreamsare tightly linked to a persons daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, mightdream about crime.Dornhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not

7、 dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams andgender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams often i

8、nvolve fighting. This is not true of womens dreams. 3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different

9、ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur,you shouldnt panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. Its important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.注释：1.Si

10、gmundFreud西格蒙德.费洛伊德(1856-1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有性学三论梦的释义图腾与禁忌日常生活的心理病理学精神分析引论精神分析引论新编等2.Carl Jung:卡尔.荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人3.For example.the people in mens dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of womens dr

11、eams.例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关;女人做梦与男人则不同。练习：1. Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned2. According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned3. Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.A R

12、ight B Wrong C Not mentioned4. In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned5. According to Dornhoff,babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned6. Men and women dream about different things.A Right B Wrong C No

13、t mentioned7. Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 答案与题解：1.A这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义;而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感。.2.A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、想法或恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。3.B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a

14、message to the dreamer.(荣格认为梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息)He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.(他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己)。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。4.C文中没有提及。5.A依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：婴儿不像成人做那么多的梦，做梦是一种需要时间提高的技能。这就说明了婴儿不具备成人做梦的能力。6.A本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。7.B最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是

15、：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。阅读判断第十篇 第十篇：The Biology of Music（B级）Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may also play an important role inlove. But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all theanswers.What are two things that make humans diffe

16、rent from animals? One is language, and the other is music. It is true that some animals can sing ( and many birds sing .better than a lot of people). However,the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true that humans, not animals ,have developed musical instrument

17、s.Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However, people can use music to communicate things - especially their emotions. When music is combined with speech in a song, it is a very powerful form of communication. But, biologically speaking, what is music?If music is truly dif

18、ferent from speech, then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.Sometimes people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language. However, they dont automatically lose their musical abilities. For exampl

19、e, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russiancomposer, had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak orunderstand speech. He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. On theother hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability,

20、 but they can still speak and understand speech. This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.By studying the physical effects of music on the body, scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions. But why does music have such a strong effect on us? Th

21、at is a harder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a strong connection. Music requires special taleent, practice, and physical ability. Thats why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someones.mate. For example, sin

22、ging in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You also need a good memory to remember the notes. And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition. Finally ,when a man sings to the woman he loves (or vice versa), it may b

23、e a way of showing off.However ,Millers theory still doesnt explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply. For scientists, this is clearly an area that needs further research.注释：1.It is also true that humans，not animals，have developed musical instruments：人研制出了乐器，而动物则不能。

24、develop：研制，例如：Scientists are developing new drugs to treat cancer.科学家们正在研发新药用以治疗癌症。练习：1. Humans,but not animals, can sing.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned2. People can use music to communicate their emotions.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned3. We use the same part of the brain for music and language.A

25、Right B Wrong C Not mentioned4. Geoffery Miler has done research on music and emotions.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned5. Its hard for humans to compose music.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned6. Memory is not an important part in singing in tune.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned7. Scientists does not kno

26、w all the answers about the effects of music on humans.A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 答案与题解：1.B 第二段的第三句：It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing better than a lot of people).可以看出有些动物会唱歌，而不只人类会唱歌。2.A第三段的第三句：However，people can use music to communicate thingsespecially their emotions.

27、这句清楚表明，人们可以用音乐来表达情感。3.B第四段说明：科学证明人们用大脑的不同区域处理语言和音乐。在第五段，作者用Vissarion Shebalin的例子进一步说明人脑处理语言和音乐的位置不同，Shebalin中风以后不能讲话也听不懂别人的话，但他却能创作乐曲。 4.A 第六段的第四 句：Geoffrey Miller，a researcher at University College，London，thinks thatmusic and love have a strong connection.这句说明Miller对音乐和爱(情感)的关系进行了研究，他得出的结论是：音乐和爱有密切

28、的关联。5.C文中没有提及创作乐曲是否困难。6.B第六段有一句：You also need a good memory to remember the notes.此句说明必须具备好的记忆力记音符才能唱得符合调子。7.A最后一段讲的是：科学家们需要做更多的研究才能解释为什么有些声音影响我们的情感会如此之深。也就是说，科学家不能全部解释音乐对人类的影响。阅读判断第十一篇 第十一篇 Bill Gates: Unleashing YourCreativity（A级）Ive always been an optimist and I suppose it isrooted in1 my belief

29、that the power of creativity and intelligencecan make the world a better place.For as long as I can remember, Ive loved learningnew things and solving problems. So when I sat down at a computer for the firsttime in seventh grade, I was hooked. It was a clunky old teletype machine andit could barely

30、do anything compared to the computers we have today.2But it changed my life.When my friend Paul Allen and I started Microsoft30 years ago，we had avision of “a computer on every desk and in every home”, which probably soundeda little too optimistic at a time when most computers were the size ofrefrig

31、erators. But we believed that personal computers would change the world.And they have.And after 30 years, Im still as inspired bycomputers as I was back in seventh grade.I believe that computers are the most incredibletool we can use to feed our curiosity and inventiveness to help us solve problemst

32、hat even the smartest people couldnt solve on their own.Computers have transformed how we learn，giving kids everywhere a windowinto all of the worlds knowledge. Theyre helping us build communities aroundthe things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important tous, no matter where they are.3Like my friend Warren Buffett, I feel particularlylucky to do something every d