环境艺术设计外文翻译设计空间的意义.docx

环境艺术设计外文翻译设计空间的意义.docx

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环境艺术设计外文翻译设计空间的意义

设计空间的意义

Meaningsofdesignedspaces

Meaningsofdesignedspaces

Sincetheaccessionofdesignknowledgetotheranksofmodernuniversitydepartments,thebuiltenvironment,whichrepresentsoneofthemainareasofstudyofthisknowledge,hasenduredahugefragmentationaccordingtotheanalyticalmodelofmoderninquiry.Ittoofindsitselffragmentedintoseveraldisciplinaryfields,mostoftenerectedintocompetingsilos:

productdesign,graphicdesign,interiordesign,architecturaldesign,urbandesign,landscapedesign,andsoon.Thisparcelingoflogicinitselfcanbequitebeneficialtotheextentthatitensuresacertaindepthofthinkingwhenthetimecomestoconsiderobjectsoflimitedandveryspecificknowledge.Nonetheless,initsmostbasicandessentialaspects,thereisoneobjectofknowledgethatcontinuestoeludetheunderstandingandreasoningofallthesedisciplinarysilos.itcontinuestostandasanobstacleandchallengetoalltheleakagesofwhatHenriRaymond（1984）calls"spatialrationality."Werefer,ofcourse,totheoccupant,theindividualwhoiscommonlycalledtheuserofthebuiltworld:

Theoccupantremainsattheheartofarchitecture:

asanegative,refusingtodwellintheory,andasobstinacy,attachinghimselfobstinatelytohousingmodelsthatarchitecturalreasonhascondemned.Butheisalsoattheheartoftheproblemofspatialrationality:

Shouldweplanwithouttheoccupant?

Howshouldweplanwithhim?

Inallofthis,theoccupant'ssituationandskillcanplayamajorrole;wemaybepermittedtothinkthatthisisonethefutureadventuresofreason.（pp.252-253）

TheUser'sObstinacyRefusaltoDwellinTheory

Forthepurposesofthisessay,consideraveryordinaryurbanoccurrence:

Anindividual,acitydweller,strollsalongSainte-CatherineStreetinMontreal,Canada,onasunnyautumnafternoonand,everysooften,stopsinfrontofastorewindowtoexamineandadmiretheobjectsdisplayed.Twoquestions,existentialattheveryleast,challengedesigndisciplines.First,inwhichdisciplinaryorprofessionalboundariesdoesthispersonfindhimself?

Isitintheproductdesigner's,thegraphicdesigner's,theinteriordesigner's,thearchitect's,theurbandesigner's,orthelandscapearchitect's?

Eachoftheseprofessionalswouldseemtohavearighttoclaimthatthispersonistrulywithinhisfieldofexpertise:

Eachwouldsay,He'smyuser."Butdoesthepersoninfrontofthestorewindowreallycareaboutknowingwhichdisciplinaryfieldhefindshimselfin,oratwhatmomenthecrossesoverfromonetotheother?

Yet,atthatverymoment,thatactualexperienceorsliceoflifethatthepersoninourexampleisundergoinginfrontofthestorewindowisnotfragmentedintovariousexperiences.Thepersonisnottellinghimself,I'mlivinganarchitecturalexperience,nowsuddenly/'171goingthroughamanufacturedobjectexperience,andnowI'moffonanurbanexperience,andsoon.

Thesesamequestionscanbeaskedinthesamewayformanyothersituations:

apersonseatedatatableonabistroterrace,orinanofficeatthetopofahigh-risemNewYorkCityorSingaporewithaninvertedviewofthecity;adriverofacaroracitybuswhomanoeuvresthroughthestreetsofthecityeveryday;apersonwaitingforthebusinabusshelter;oraglazierworkingtorepairpartofthestainedglassinachurch,orperhapseventorepairtheoutsideofashopwindowonSainteCatherineStreetinMontreal.Infact,theseveryordinaryurbanoccurrencesinwhichourcitydweller,orHomoUrbanus（Paquot,1990）,engagesconstituteacomprehensiveoratotalsituation,accordingtothemeaningoftheconceptadvancedbyMauriceMerleau-Pontyinhisfamousphenomenologyofthebody（Merleau-Ponty,1962）.Theexperiencethatthiscitydwellerlivesisnotfragmentedatall;conversely,itisintegralandwhole.InaneditorialonanissueofthejournalUrbanismedevotedspecificallytothethemeoftheuser,ThierryPaquotreadilypointsoutanddriveshomethiswholeandtotalcondition:

Heexplainsthattheuser"isfirstandforemostahumanbeing,amortalwhoexists,there,andtriestoenablethepluralityofhisegotoexpressitselfwithoutacceptingtohavehispersonalityparcelledoutandbrokendownintotinyfragments.Theuserremainswholeandrefusestodividehimselfupandplayaninfinitenumberofroles.Thisunityconfersonhimhisidentityandenableshim,atalltimesandinallplaces,tobeauseroftheworld"（Paquot,1999,p.51）.

Ifouruser'slifeexperienceisatotalone,whatideahaveallthesedesigndisciplinescometorespectivelyaboutthispersonwhostilllaysnoclaimtoanydisciplinaryfield?

Dotheyhaveorshareacommonconceptionoftheuser'shumancondition?

（Arendt,1958）Orinsteaddotheyholddifferentbutcomplementaryviews?

Iwouldventuretosayherethattheuserconstitutesaphenomenonthat,inessence,escapesdisciplinarylogic:

Theuserisatransdisciplinaryphenomenon,crossingallthesedisciplineswithoutanyoneofthembeingabletoclaimcompleterightofownershiptounderstandingandacquiringalltheissuesthatmightflowoutofeachoftheprofessionaldesignpractices.Thiscomplexity,whichcharacterizesthephenomenonoftheuser,isthetruedifficultyandpresentsanobstacleandachallengetounderstandknow:

Theobjectofthoughtis,byprinciple,alwayssuperiortothethoughtprocessthatattemptstounderstandit,tograsporeventomanipulateit.Aswell,designdisciplinesmightfindthereacommonissuetounitethemwhenthetimecomestoassignthemestothedisciplinaryandprofessionalspecialtiesuniquetoeachofthem;ourachievementsandprofessionalworkareaimedatthesameuserwhoselifeexperienceisnotdivided.Giventhis,thethemeoftheusercouldbeusedintruearbitrationfashiontoclarifyboundarydisputesamongourdisciplines.

TheLessonofPrevert'sGlazier

Howshouldwenowconsiderandapproachthenotionofourcommonuser?

Aretherespecificconceptsorvisionsthatcanhelpusmthisendeavour?

Infact,whenitcomestomuchoftheessentialdimensionsthatmakeuptheuser'shumancondition,therearemajorgapsinourdisciplinarydesignknowledgethatresearchersneedtoaddressonaprioritybasis.Forexample,Icitetheprimordialphenomenonofthebody.Settingasidetheknowledgethatbiology,ergonomics,psychology,anthropology,physics,andgeometryallofferonthissubject,whatknowledgeandvisionshavewedevelopedaboutouruser'sbody,hisspatiality,andthevarioussituationsheencounters,amongothers?

Whatcommongroundcantheproductdesigner,thegraphicdesigner,theinteriordesigner,thearchitect,theurbandesigner,andthelandscapedesignerfindtoaddresstheissueofthebody?

Inthissection,Iwouldliketoexplorethepossibilitiesofferedbyaconceptsocommonthatweuseitregularly,evenspontaneouslyandautomatically,inoureverydayconversationsandprofessionallanguageasdesigners:

theconceptofsolution.Iwillattempttoexpandmyideasonthesubjectbyusingsomesupportingtextsborrowedfromthreeauthorsinparticular:

poetJacquesPrevertandarchitecturaltheoristsRobertProstandPhilippeBoudon.Designprofessionalsoftenexpresstheirideas,andtheresultsoftheirprojects,in

termsofsolutions:

designsolution,architecturalsolution,urbanplanningsolution,simplesolutiontoacomplexsituation,inspiredsolution,andthelike.Butwhenweengageinalittlephenomenologyofthisconceptintheframeworkofourdisciplines,wesoonrealizethatwhatseemstooneprofessionallikeafinalsolutioninadesignprocessmaybenothingmorethananinitialsolutiontoanotherprofessional.Achair,abench,alightingfixture,oranelectricalappliancethatisthefinalsolutionintheindustrialdesignprocessmaysimply

beinitialsolutionelementsintheinteriordesignprocess,landscapearchitecture,orurbandesign.Anatmosphereorexistinginteriorspacecanbethestartingpointforacraftsperson'soraproductdesigner'sproposal（forinstance,made-to-measurefurniture）.Inthesameway,theplansandguidelinesforanurbanprojectmayprovidetheinitialconceptualbackdroptotheworkofthearchitect.Whatconstitutestheendpointforonepersonbecomesthestartingpointforanother'swork.TheeyethatPrevert'sglaziercastsontheworldillustratesthisphenomenonclearlyandperceptively.Whatsociologistsdrylycallthesocialdivisionoflaborisinfactabasiccharacteristicofthehumancondition,onethatfamedpoetJacquesPrevertrendersadmirablyinhispoem"Chansonduvitrier":

Howbeautifulis

Whatyoucansee

Throughthesandthroughtheglass

Throughthewindowpanes

Herelookforexample

Athowbeautiful

Thistreefelleris

Thereinthedistance

Choppingdownatree

Tomakeboards

Forthefurnituremaker

whomustfashionthemintoalargebed

Fortheyoungflowergirl

Whoismarrying

Thelamplighter

Wholightsthestreetlampseverynight

Sothattheshoemakercanseeclearly

Torepairtheshoesoftheshoeshineboy

Whopolishestheshoesofthegrinder

Whosharpensthescissorsofthehairdresser

Whocutsthehairofthebirdseller

Whogiveshisbirdstoeveryone

Sothateveryonemaybeingoodspirits.（1963）

Butwhatthenbecomesoftheuserinthistangledwebofsolutionsthatarefinalforsomeandstartingpointsforothers?

Inreality,theuserhasavitalroletoplaybecauseheorsheistheonewhobringsclosuretoallthedesignprocesses:

TheuseristheequivalentofMr.orMs.EveryoneinPrevert'spoem.Onceallthedesignershavedeliveredtheirfinalsolutions,everythingintheuser'sworldbecomesastartingpoint,aninitialsolutionf