高中英语语法全英详解.docx

高中英语语法全英详解.docx

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高中英语语法全英详解

7、对于生活中的一些废弃物，我们可以从垃圾中回收它们并重新加工利用。

这样做不但能够减少垃圾的数量，而且能够节省大量的自然资源。

12、太阳是太阳系里唯一发光的恒星，直径是1400000千米。

答：

可以，馒头中也含有淀粉，淀粉在咀嚼的过程中发生了变化，变得有甜味了。

8、晶体的形状多种多样，但都很有规则。

有的是立方体，有的像金字塔，有的像一簇簇的针……有的晶体较大，肉眼可见，有的较小，要在放大镜或显微镜下才能看见。

3、怎样做才是解决垃圾问题最有效的方法呢？

（P73）

19、阳光、空气、水、土壤、岩石、植物、动物……构成了我们周围的环境。

我们人类也是环境中的一部分，我们都生活在一不定的环境之中。

人与自然和谐相处，共同发展，是我们共同的责任。

一、填空：

第四单元环境和我们

4、填埋场在填满垃圾以后，可以在上面修建公园、体育场、但是不能用来建筑房屋和种植庄稼。

2、1969年7月，美国的“阿波罗11号”载人飞船成功地在月球上着陆。

必修一

语法点一：

Be+v.ing表将来usethepresentcontinuoustenseforfutureplans

InEnglish,wehavelotsofwaysoftalkingaboutthefuture.Themostcommonwaysoftalkingaboutthefutureweencounteruse‘will’or‘begoingto’followedbyaninfinitive（动词原形）,andwetendtouse‘begoingto’mostoftenfortalkingaboutfutureplans.Sometimes,wealsousethepresentcontinuoustensetotalkaboutfutureplans.

Ex.①wearegoingtoMexiconextSunday.

②Areyoucomingtothecinema?

③HeisleavingforLondonintwohours.

④WearespendingnextwinterinAustralia.

Onlysomeverbscanbeusedinthissituation,suchas:

go,arrive,come,leave,start,stay,return,play,have,work,wear,spend,see,meet,etc.

扩展：

What’sthedifferencebetweenusing‘begoingto’andthepresentcontinuoustotalkaboutfutureplans?

Let’slookatsomemoreexamples:

“I’mgoingtoplayfootballonSaturday”

Youhavemadeaplaninyourheadbutpossiblynottakenanyrealactiontoconfirmit.Also,playingfootballonSaturdayisprobablynotaregulareventforyou.

“I’mplayingfootballonSaturday”

Youhavemadeaplanandtakensomerealactiontoconfirmit（e.g.calledyourfriendsorbookedaplacetoplay）.Inthiscase,it’slikelythatplayingfootballonSaturdaysisacommonactivityforyou.

语法点二：

Directspeechandindirectspeech（直接引语和间接引语）

Let'sfirstdefinetheterms,thenlookathowtotalkaboutwhatsomeonesaid,andhowtoconvertspeechfromdirecttoindirectorvice-versa.

YoucananswerthequestionWhatdidhesay?

intwoways:

byrepeatingthewordsspoken（directspeech）

byreportingthewordsspoken（indirectorreportedspeech）.

Directspeechrepeats,orquotes,theexactwordsspoken.Whenweusedirectspeechinwriting,weplacethewordsspokenbetweenquotationmarks（""）andthereisnochangeinthesewords.

Reportedorindirectspeechisusuallyusedtotalkaboutthepast,sowenormallychangethetenseofthewordsspoken.Weusereportingverbslike'say','tell','ask',andwemayusetheword'that'tointroducethereportedwords.Quotationmarksarenotused.

1、declarativesentence陈述句

①Changeinpronoun:

Thepronoun（subject）ofthereportedspeechischangedaccordingtothepronounofreportingverborobject（person）ofreportingverb（firstpartofsentence）.Sometimesthepronounmaynotchange.

Infollowingexamplethepronounofreportedspeechis“I”whichwillbechangedinindirectspeechintothepronoun（Subject）ofreportingverbthatis“he”.

Hesaid,“Ilikeitverymuch.”→Hesaidthathelikeditverymuch.

②Changeintense:

Ifthefirstpartofsentence（reportingverbpart）belongstopasttensethetenseofreportedspeechwillchange.Ifthefirstpartofsentence（reportingverbpart）belongstopresentorfuturetense,thetenseofreportedspeechwillnotchange.

③Changeindemonstrativepronoun指示代词,temporaladverbial时间状语,adverbialofplace地点状语andverbs.

Ps：

（1）ifthedirectspeechindicatesobjectivetruth,thenthereisnochangeintensewhenit’sconvertedtoindirectspeech.

Ex.Hesaid,“Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.”

→Hesaidthatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.

（2）如果在当地转述，here不必改成there，come不必改为go，如果在当天转述，yesterday,tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。

2、imperativesentence祈使句

Imperativesentencesdonotnormallyhaveanexpressedsubject.Inordertochangeanimperativesentenceintotheindirectspeech,weuseato-infinitive.Notethatinsteadof‘said’weuseoneofthefollowingreportingverbs:

Ask,Tell,Advise,command,request,order,forbid,decree,proposeetc.

Iftheimperativesentenceisinnegativeform,thenadd‘not’infrontofto-infinitivewhenconvertthespeech.

Ex.①Thehostesssaidtous,“Pleasesitdown.”

→Thehostessaskedustositdown.

②Hesaid,“Don’tmakesomuchnoise,boys.”

→Hetoldtheboystonottomakesomuchnoise.

3、interrogativesentence疑问句

Turnwordorderininterrogativesentenceintothatindeclarativesentence,anduseafullstopintheend.Thesubject,tense,adverbialetchavetochangeaccordingly.

（1）generalquestion一般疑问句

Generalquestionsarechangedintotheindirectspeechbyusingtheconnectiveiforwhether.Thereportingverbsayorsaidchangestoaskorasked.

Ex.Hesaid,“AreyouinterestedinEnglish?

”

→Heasked（me）ifIwasinterestedinEnglish.

（2）specialquestion

Specialquestionsarechangedintotheindirectspeechbyusingthesameinterrogative.

Ex.“Whatdoyouwant?

”heaskedme.

→HeaskedmewhatIwanted.

语法点三：

TheAttributiveClause定语从句

Attributiveclauseisasentencethatisusedtomodifyanounorapronountomakeclearwhichpersonorthingwearetalkingabout.

Ex.Themanwholivesnexttoussellsvegetable.

YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.

Inthetwoexamplesabove,manandeverythingarecalledantecedents先行词.WholivesnexttousandthatIdoareattributiveclauses.Whoandthatarerelativepronoun关系代词.Thewordstoconnectmainclauseandattributiveclausearedividedintotwogroups,theyarerelativepronouns,namelythat,which,who,whom,whose,andrelativeadverbs,namelywhere,when,why.

Relativepronouns:

Weusewhoandwhomforpeople,andwhichforthings.Weusethatforpeopleorthings.

1.That,which,who

2.Whose

Whosereplacesagenitivenoun名词所有格inanattributiveclause.Theantecedentcanbethingorperson.

Ex.Thisisthescientistwhosenameisknownallovertheworld.

Theroomwhosewindowfacessouthismine.

3.When,where,why

First,whentheantecedentisaboutreason,anditactsasanadvintheattributiveclause,wewilluse“why”.Second,whentheantecedentisabouttime,anditplaystheroleofanadv,“when”willbeused.Third,whentheantecedentisaboutplace,playingtheroleofanadvofplace,wewillconsideradoptingwhere.

必修二

语法点一：

（接定从讲）

4.Therestrictiveandnon-restrictiveattributiveclause.限制性和非限制性

（1）Restrictiveclauseslimitthepossiblemeaningofaprecedingsubject.Theyareusuallynotmarkedbypausesinspeech,andtheyarenotsetoffbycommasinwriting.Sometimestherelativepronounwhichservesasanobjectinclausecanbeomitted.

Ex.Whatisthenameofthetallmanwhojustcamein?

Beijingisacity（that）I’vealwayswantedtovisit.

Hehasfoundthebook（that）hewaslookingfor.

（2）Nonrestrictiveclausestellyousomethingaboutaprecedingsubject,buttheydonotlimit,orrestrict,themeaningofthatsubject.Theyareusuallymarkedbybriefpausesinspeechandareusuallysetoffbycommasinwriting.Relativecannotbeomitted.

Ex.Beijing,whichisthecapitalofChina,hasaverylonghistory.

YesterdayImetLiPing,whoseemedtobeverybusy.

Ps:

①Inrestrictiveattributiveclause,relativeadverbsbehindtimeorplacesometimescanbeomittedinspokenEnglish.

Ex.Thatwastheyear（when）Ifirstwentabroad.

Weneedaplace（where）wecanstayforafewdays.

②Whyclausecanonlymodified‘reason’anditcanbeconvertedto‘forwhich’.InspokenEnglish,wecanalsouse‘that’orjustomittherelative.

Ex.Thereason（why/forwhich/that）IboughttherosesisthatMarylikesthem.

③‘How’cannotbeusedasrelativeadverbs.Weuseinwhich,that,ornorelativetomodify‘way’.

Ex.Thisistheway（how）Ididit.（wrong）

Thisistheway（inwhich/that）Ididit.（correct）

④theattributiveclausecanalsobecalledasrelativeclause.

语法点二：

Thepassivevoice

Wehavelearnedthepassivevoiceofthesimplepresenttenseandsimplepasttense.

1.Thesimplefuturetense（useaskasanexample）

Ps:

affirmativeform;negativeform;interrogativeform

2.Thepresentperfecttense

3.Thepresentcontinuoustense

4.Phrasalverb短语动词

Normally,onlytransitiveverbscanbeusedinpassivevoice,butwiththeadditionofprepositionoradverbtointransitiveverbs,somephrasalverbsserveastransitiveverbs,sotheyhavepassivevoicetoo.Payattention,wecan’tmissanypartofphrasalverbwhenwechangeitintopassivevoice.

Atlasttheyputoutthefire.→Atlastthefirewasputout.

Theywillputupanoticeonthewall.→Anoticewillbeputuponthewall.

Haveyousentforadoctor?

→Hasthedoctorbeensentfor?

Ps:

必修三

语法点一：

modalverbs情态动词

Amodalverbisatypeofverbthatisusedtoindicatemodality–thatis:

likelihood,ability,permission,andobligation.Theyhavetobeusedwithinfinitive.

Can-couldmay-mightshall-shouldwill-wouldhaveto-hadtomust

1.Can&could

Theycanbeusedtoindicateability,permission,possibility,etc.

Ps:

Possibility:

Weusethemodalcantomakegeneralstatementsaboutwhatispossible:

Itcanbeverycoldinwinter.（=Itissometimesverycoldinwinter）

Weusecouldasthepasttenseofcan:

Itcouldbeverycoldinwinter.（=Sometimesitwasverycoldinwinter.）

Weusecouldtoshowthatsomethingispossibleinthefuture,butnotcertain:

Ifwedon’thurrywecouldbelate.（=Perhaps/Maybewewillbelate）

Weusecouldhavetoshowthatsomethingis/waspossiblenoworatsometimeinthepast:

It’steno’clock.Theycouldhavearrivednow.

Permission:

Weuse can toaskforpermissiontodosomethingorgivepermission;couldismoreformalandpolitethancan.

2.May&might

Ps:

Thenegativeformsaremaynotandmightnot.

Weusemay:

1whenwearenotsureaboutsomething:

Jackmaybecomingtoseeustomorrow.

②tom