完整word版中山大学研究生英语期末考试题2.docx
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完整word版中山大学研究生英语期末考试题2
Passage1
OnemotivationalanalystwhobecamecurioustoknowtherehadbeensuchagreatriseinimpulsebuyingatsupermarketswasJamesVicary.Hesuspectedthatsomespecialpsychologymustbegoingoninsidethewomenastheyshoppedinsupermarkets.Hissuspicionwasthatperhapstheyunderwentsuchanincreaseintensionwhenconfrontedwithsomanypossibilitiesthattheywereforcedintomakingquickpurchases.Hesetouttofindoutifthiswastrue.Thebestwaytodetectwhatwasgoingoninsidetheshopperwasthroughtheuseofagalvanometerorliedetector.Thatobviouslywasimpractical.Thenextbestthingwastouseahiddenmotion-picturecameraandrecordtheeye-blinkrateofthewomenastheyshopped.Howfastapersonblinkshiseyesisaprettygoodindexofhisstateofinnertension.Theaverageperson,accordingtoMr.Vicary,normallyblinkshiseyesabout32timesaminute.Ifheistense,heblinksthemmorefrequently;and,underextremetension,hemayblinkupto50or60times.Ifheisnotablyrelaxed,ontheotherhand,hiseye-blinkratemaydroptoasubnormaltwentyorless.
Mr.Vicarysetuphiscamerasandstartedfollowingtheladiesastheyenteredthestore.Theresultswerestartling,eventohim.Theireye-blinkrate,insteadofgoinguptoindicatemountingtension,wentdownanddown,toaverysubnormalfourteenblinksaminute.TheladiesfellintowhatMr.Vicarycallsahypnoidaltrance,alightkindoftrancethat,heexplains,isthefirststageofhypnosis.Mr.Vicaryhasdecidedthatthemaincauseofthetranceisthatthesupermarketispackedwithproductswhichinformeryearswouldhavebeenitemsonlykingsandqueenscouldhaveaffordedandhereinthisfairylandtheywereavailabletoall.Mr.Vicarytheorizes:
“Justwithinthisgeneration,anyonecanbeakingorqueenandgothroughthesestoreswheretheproductssay‘buyme,buyme’.”
1Vicary’scuriositywasarousedbythefactthat_________.
A.therewasadecreaseinsalesinsupermarkets
B.womenwereshowingstrongresistancetoproductsinsupermarkets
C.thereseemedtobenologicinwomen’sbuyinghabits
D.womenwereshoppingverycarefully
2Accordingtothearticle,eye-blinkrateisanindicationof________.
A.thetruthorfalsityofastatement
B.thementalabilityofaperson
C.bloodpressure
D.theemotionalstateofaperson
3Mr.Vicary’stest________________.
A.provedhisoriginalhypothesistobetrue
B.provedthatthetensionofawomanshopper,afterenteringthestore,decreasedratherthanincreased
C.nullifiedtheeye-blinkrateasameasurementoftension
D.showedthatawoman’sreactiontotheproductsinasupermarketisimpossibletodetermine
4Afterhistests,Mr.Vicaryconcludedthat_____________.
A.shoppingwasapttocreateseriousnervousdisorders
B.asupermarketisafantasticplace
C.womenareentrancedbythemanywonderfulitemsavailableinsupermarkets
D.womendevelopaninferioritycomplexwheninsupermarkets
5Impliedbutnotstated:
_______________.
A.Quickpurchasesaretheresultofinnertension
B.Thefirststageofhypnosisisalighttrance
C.Researchconductedbymotivationanalysiscandisprovetheiroriginalpremises
D.Supermarketsseekingafairylandatmosphereshouldinstallhiddenmoviecameras
Passage2
Inscience,atheoryisareasonableexplanationofobservedeventsthatarerelated.Atheoryofteninvolvesanimaginarymodelthathelpsscientistspicturethewayanobservedeventcouldbeproduced.Agoodexampleofthisisfoundinthekineticmoleculartheory,inwhichgasesarepicturedasbeingmadeupofmanysmallparticlesthatareinconstantmotion.
Ausefultheory,inadditiontoexplainingpastobservations,helpstopredicteventsthathavenotasyetbeenobserved.Afteratheoryhasbeenpublicized,scientistsdesignexperimentstotestthetheory.Ifobservationsconfirmthescientists’predictions,thetheoryissupported.Ifobservationsdonotconfirmthepredictions,thescientistsmustsearchfurther.Theremaybeafaultintheexperiment,orthetheorymayhavetoberevisedorrejected.
Scienceinvolvesimaginationandcreativethinkingaswellascollectinginformationandperformingexperiments.Factsbythemselvesarenotscience.AsthemathematicianJulesHenriPoincaresaid:
“Scienceisbuiltwithfactsjustasahouseisbuiltwithbricks,butacollectionoffactscannotbecalledscienceanymorethanapileofbrickscanbecalledahouse.”
Mostscientistsstartaninvestigationbyfindingoutwhatotherscientistshavelearnedaboutaparticularproblem.Afterknownfactshavebeengathered,thescientistcomestothepartoftheinvestigationthatrequiresconsiderableimagination.Possiblesolutionstotheproblemareformulated.Thesepossiblesolutionsarecalledhypotheses.
Inaway,anyhypothesisisaleapintotheunknown.Itextendsthescientist’sthinkingbeyondtheknownfacts.Thescientistplansexperiments,performscalculations,andmakesobservationstotesthypotheses.Forwithouthypotheses,furtherinvestigationlackspurposeanddirection.Whenhypothesesareconfirmed,theyareincorporatedintotheories.
6“Bricks”arementionedinParagraph3toindicatehow_________.
A.mathematiciansapproachscience
B.buildingahouseislikeperformingexperiments
C.scienceismorethanacollectionoffacts
D.scientificexperimentshaveledtoimprovedtechnology
7Inthefourthparagraph,theauthorimpliesthatimaginationismostimportanttoscientistswhenthey________.
A.evaluatepreviousworkonaproblem
B.formulatepossiblesolutionstoaproblem
C.gatherknownfacts
D.closeaninvestigation
8Inthelastparagraph,theauthorreferstohypothesisas“aleapintotheunknown”inordertoshowthathypotheses________________.
A.aresometimesill-conceived
B.canleadtodangerousresults
C.gobeyondavailablefacts
D.requireefforttoformulate
9Inthelastparagraph,whatdoestheauthorimplyisamajorfunctionofhypotheses?
A.Siftingthroughknownfacts.
B.Communicatingascientist’sthoughtstoothers.
C.Providingdirectionforscientificresearch.
D.Linkingtogetherdifferenttheories.
10Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?
A.Theoriesaresimplyimaginarymodelsofpastevents.
B.Itisbettertoreviseahypothesisthantorejectit.
C.Ascientist’smostdifficulttaskistestinghypotheses.
D.Agoodscientistneedstobecreative.
Passage3
Formostofus,theworkisthecentral,dominatingfactoflife.Wespendmorethanhalfourconscioushoursatwork,preparingforwork,travelingtoandfromwork.Whatwedotherelargelydeterminesourstandardoflivingandtoaconsiderableextentthestatusweareaccordedbyourfellowcitizensaswell.Itissometimessaidthatbecauseleisurehasbecomemoreimportanttheindignitiesandinjusticesofworkcanbepushedintoacorner,thatbecausemostworkisprettyintolerable,thepeoplewhodoitshouldcompensateforitsboredom,frustrationsandhumiliationsbyconcentratingtheirhopesontheotherpartsoftheirlives.Irejectthatasacounselofdespair.Fortheforeseeablefuturethematerialandpsychologicalrewardswhichworkcanprovide,andtheconditionsinwhichworkisdone,willcontinuetoplayavitalpartindeterminingthesatisfactionthatlifecanoffer.Yetonlyasmallminoritycancontrolthepaceatwhichtheyworkortheconditionsinwhichtheirworkisdone;onlyforasmallminoritydoesworkofferscopeforcreativity,imagination,orinitiative.
Inequalityatworkandinworkisstilloneofthecruelestandmostglaringformsofinequalityinoursociety.Wecannothopetosolvethemoreobviousproblemsofindustriallife,manyofwhicharisedirectlyorindirectlyfromthefrustrationscreatedbyinequalityatwork,unlesswetackleithead-on.Stilllesscanwehopetocreateadecentandhumanesociety.
Themostglaringinequalityisthatbetweenmanagersandtherest.Formostmanagers,workisanopportunityandachallenge.Theirjobsengagetheirinterestandallowthemtodeveloptheirabilities.Theyareconstantlylearning;theyareabletoexerciseresponsibility;theyhaveaconsiderabledegreeofcontrolovertheirownandothers’workinglives.Mostimportantofall,theyhaveopportunitytoinitiate.Bycontrast,formostmanualworkers,andforagrowingnumberofwhite-collarworkers,workisaboring,dull,evenpainfulexperience.Theyspendalltheirworkinglivesinconditionswhichwouldberegardedasintolerable---forthemselves---bythosewhotakethedecisionswhichletsuchconditionscontinue.Themajorityhavelittlecontrolovertheirwork;itprovidesthemwithnoopportunityforpersonaldevelopment.Oftenproductionissodesignedthatworkersaresimplypartofthetechnology.Inoffices,manyjobsaresoroutinethatworkersjustifiablyfeelthemselvestobemerecogsinthebureaucraticmachine.Asadirectconsequenceoftheirworkexperience,manyworkersfeelalienatedfromtheirworkandtheirfirm,whetheritisinpublicorinprivateownership.
11Inthewriter’sopinion,peoplejudgeothersby_________.
A.thetypeofworktheydo
B.theplacewheretheywork
C.thetimetheyspendatwork
D.theamountofmoneytheyearn
12Accordingtothewriter,inthefuture,workwill________.
A.matterlessthanitdoesnow
B.beasimportantasitisnow
C.bebetterpaidthanitisnow
D.offermoresatisfaction
13Whatdoesthewriterthinkisneededtosolveourindustrialproblems?
A.Areductioninthenumberofstrikes
B.Equalityinsalaries
C.Amoreequaldistributionofresponsibility
D.Animprovementinmoralstandards
14Whatadvantagesdoesthewr