GRE写作素材.docx
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GRE写作素材
一、艺术
艺术的目的:
AccordingtowhatFreudhassaidart,inessence,isakindofreleaseofindividuallust,convertingthehumanlibidointoplentifulcreativity.Itisthroughtheworkofartthatartistsexpresstheirpassions,emotions,anddesires.Concerningwiththeinnerworldratherthanwiththeoutsideone
艺术的作用:
1.oldestdefinitionofthefunctionoftheartsisthattheyprovidepleasure(娱乐)
2.presentuswithinsightintowhatiseternalanduniversal(理解人性)
3.canbedenotedas"expressionism"-theartist'suseofamediumtoexpressuniquepassionandinsight(作为表达方式)
4.artattheserviceofleaders—theChurch,thegovernment,andthearistocracy(艺术为政府服务)
5.Theexpressionofprivatefeelingsandthecriticismofsociety(表达私人情感,对社会的批判)
6.ARenaissancepaintingofaMadonna(圣母玛利亚)andchild,formanyviewers,issomehowarevelationoftranscendentspirituality;(超越精神的状态)
7.aBeethovensymphonyisthelastwordonhumanendurance贝多芬交响乐最后一章是对于人类的忍耐力
8.Beauty,manywouldinsist,istheveryhallmarkofwhatistruly"art."美丽,很多人坚信,是真实艺术的特点
9.Somenarrativearts(novel,film)instructustosomeextent.Thisworkswithmoralreflectthehumancharacter.(反映人性)
艺术最初不被理解/一个人的伟大是根据后人来评定的
Yet,anever-lengtheninghonorrolldistinguishesworksfirstreceivedasunacceptablebyresistantaudiences
1.ThepaintingsofThomasEakins,nowrecognizedasamongthegreatestintheAmericantradition,wererejectedasintolerablebyhissitters.(ThomasEakins的绘画作品,现在被认为是美国传统上最杰出的画家,但是曾经却被他的被画人所坚决抵制。
)
2.VanGogh,twoofwhosestilllifepaintingshaverecentlybrokenallrecordsinsellingfor$50million,soldonlyoneofhispaintingsinhisentirecareer.梵高,他其中的两幅作品最近打破了50万的售价。
但是他的整个人生只卖出过一副作品
3.WhentheFrenchgavetheStatueofLibertytoournationin1886,theAugustaChronicle--inGeorgia--condemneditasapaganimageunsuitabletoourcountry.
1886年当法国人把自由女神像给我们时,TheAugustaChronicle(美国的一个媒体公司)谴责这是异教徒的画像,不适合我们的国家
艺术的资助
为什么要资助?
Oneideaisthatculturemakesusabettersociety;Federalsupportisneededtopreventourdeclineintoculturalbarbarism.Anotherideaisthatthefreemarketfailstoprovideoutletsforthehigherformsofart.一个想法是:
文化是提供给我们一个更好的社会;联邦的支持是用来防止我们堕落成文化不开明。
另外一个想法是免费的市场未能提供更高形式的艺术输出
Thereisalsothemythofthestarvingartist-ifweneglecttosupportthearts,wewillbecondemninganothervanGoghorMozarttoawretchedexistence.Itisalsogenerallyrecognizedthatmanyhighlytalentedartistslackcommercialaptitude,andthisleadstoanargumentthatthepublichasaresponsibilitytosupportthem.同样有饿死的艺术家的神话—如果我们忽略了支持艺术,我们就会被谴责制造另外一个梵高和莫扎特的可悲处境。
同样我们意识到,大量的非常有艺术天分的艺术家因为没有经济才能,最终导致一种说法就是社会有责任支持他们。
政治资助:
Governmentsupportoftheartsmustalwaysbepoliticizedandbureaucratized
Oneofthecuriouscontradictionsofthosewhodemandgovernmentsupportisthattheyalsodemandabsolutefreedomofexpressionfortheartist.另外一个奇怪的冲突就是,那些需要政府支持的艺术家,同样需要绝对的自由来表达自己
例子的论述:
Butevenelectedgovernmentsmustimpose"partylines"onartistswhoreceivegovernmentsupport.Thiscontrolinademocraticsocietymaybehiddenandindirect,butitiscontrolnevertheless.但是即使是被选举出来的政府也是对艺术家施加政党路线的。
这种控制在民主社会可能被隐藏起来,不易发现。
但是这种控制是必然存在的。
政府资助对艺术无影响(美国)
1938:
PaintingAndSculpture--ArtintheUnitedStates:
In1938theUnitedStatesGovernmentcontinuedtoactaschiefpatronoftheartsinAmerica.TheartprojectsoftheWorksProgressAdministrationandoftheTreasuryDepartmentcontinuedtheirprograms,employingseveralthousandartistsandbringingartbeforeanincreasinglylargepublicalloverthecountry.
政府资助对艺术有影响(SovietUnion)
Sovietleadershavebeendenouncedfortheirheavy-handedcontrolofartistsinthepast,butithasbeenentirelylogicalandproperfromtheirpointofview.TheSovietgovernmentiscriticizedforexpectingartistsandwriterstofollowthepartylineintheirwork.
苏联政府领导人被职责为,过去对艺术家的铁腕控制,但是从他们的角度上来说,这个是合乎逻辑的恰当的。
苏联政府被批评为要求艺术家和作家根据他们党派的方针来创作
民间力量的资助
thefinearts--hasalwaysdependedprimarilyonthepatronageofprivateindividualsandbusinesses,andnotonthegovernment.TheMedici,apowerfulbankingfamilyofRenaissanceItaly,supportedartistsMichelangeloandRaphael.Duringthe20thCenturytheprimarysourceofculturalsupportwereprivatefundsestablishedbyindustrialmagnatesCarnegie,Mellon,RockefellerandGetty.
市场应该起主导作用,艺术家可以自谋生路:
Highlytrainedandtalentedthoughwemaybe,thevalueofourservicesisfinallydecidedbywhatpeoplewillpayforthem.即使我们可能有天分,但是我们的价值最终由人们所付的钱来决定
艺术的自由状态;Weshouldkeepinmind,however,thatconditionsoflibertyaremostlikelytobringthegreatestadvancesinartandartisticexpressions.Artistsalsoaremorelikelytothriveandproduceinasocietywherefree-marketconditionsareactive.Thoughsomeartistsresentthedemandsandrequirementsofthemarketplace,thebestopportunitiesforrealimprovementsintheartsareprovidedbyawhollyfreemarket.我们应该要记住,自由的状态最有可能带来艺术和艺术表达的巨大进步。
如果在自由市场状态下,艺术家同样也有可能在社会中产生,繁荣。
虽然一些艺术家表现了对于市场的需求愤恨,在艺术方面产生真正进步的最好机会是提供一个完全自由的市场。
Thefreemarketalsogivesartiststheopportunitytofollowtheirownaspirationsinseekingfullexpression.自由市场同样给了艺术家机会来根据自己的渴望来寻找最充分的表达
技术对艺术的影响:
技术的发达给艺术家很多自由表达的机会:
Anotherimportantpointisthatthetechnologicaladvancesofamarket-driveneconomyalsobenefittheartist.Thankstomanydevelopments,artistsnowhavematerialsandprocessesthatsimplydidnotexist100yearsago.另外一个很好的例子是,技术的发展同样有益于艺术。
由于发展,艺术家有了100年前所没有的材料和加工步骤
查:
摄影的相机,photoshop,非主流艺术
艺术的反抗,促使社会改变:
1)Asecondkindofexpressionismalsodevelopedinthe19thcentury.Thisonewasmuchmoreoffensive.Insocietiesundergoingtremendouschange,artistsbegantousearttoagitateforsocialchange.第二种表现注意在19世纪再一次发展。
这一次比较具有攻击性。
当时社会正在经历着巨大的变革。
艺术家开始使用艺术来煽动社会的改变2)PhotographerSherryLevinehasusedgrotesqueimagesofwomentoprotesttheoppressionofthefemalegenderbyAmericanadvertising,law,andsocialcustom.Thisformofexpressionismwecancallculturalcriticism.Thatis,artiststakeastandagainstcertainpracticesinthesocietythattheyconsidertobeunjust.摄影师SherryLevine开始通过使用妇女奇异的画面来抵抗美国广告,法律和社会习惯对女性的压迫。
这种表现主义就是我们所说的文化批判。
也就是说,艺术家对社会中他们认为不公正的某种惯例采取了抵制态度
例子;生前作品没有被认可(Monet,VanGogh)
VanGogh,twoofwhosestilllifepaintingshaverecentlybrokenallrecordsinsellingfor$50million,soldonlyoneofhispaintingsinhisentirecareer.
作品反映社会(VanGogh):
Artalsocanreflectproblemsandphenomenonofasociety.TakevanGoghasanexample.Thepainting,oneofhismostfamousworkscalledpotatoeatersreflectthemiseryandpovertyofhumanityashesawitamongtheminersinBelgium
莫奈Monet
Monet'sfamouswork"Impression:
Sunrise"wasnotunderstoodinitially,However,thisworkeventuallyearneditsreputationandhadledtothenameforimpressionism.(难懂的作品也会得到承认)
Monetdidnotfindacclaimandwealthtolaterinhislifeandattimessufferedthroughextremepoverty.(艺术家很贫穷)
Beethoven,oneofthegreatestcomposersandmusicians,wasrenownedbycreatingmanysymphonies.Astonishingly,heproducedhismostfamoussymphony,choruswithcompletedeafness.Howcouldhemanageit?
Itnotonlyhastobetheprominentimaginationthatstimulatehimtostruggleandthrive,thuscanevenlisteninspiteofnohearings,butmoreimportant,determineshiskeeninterestinmusic(兴趣的作用).
WhenBeethovenhadnoideaaboutthefinaleofhissymphonies,hewassuddenlystruckbythe"OdetoJoy"bySchiller.Inspiredfromthehymnchampioningthebrotherhoodofhumanity,Beethoven'heartwasfraughtofpassionandcourage,regardlessofhisentiredeafness.Eventually,whenBeethovencompletedhisgreatworks,Chorus,andhaditplayedintheconcert,alltheaudiencewerecompletelyattractedandmovedbythestrikingandpassionatesymphony,andacclaimedevenfivetimesinreverenceofBeethoven.(交叉的作用)
梵高VanGogh, impressionism当代人不理解,后代评判;坚忍
Prodigiesoftencouldnotreceivecontemporaryappreciationandcomprehension,VanGoghispropertobementionedasarepresentativeofthekind.Hecreatedtheimpressionismonpainting,whichwasacceptedmanyyearsafterhisdeath.Neverthelesshepursuedhisownidealsandfaithtillhewasnotabletopickupapencil.伟人不能受到当代人的欣赏和理解。
梵高就是这类人的代表。
他创造了印象派画法,这种画法在他死后很多年才被人接受。
然而,他非常执着于他的理想和信仰直到他死。
二、社会问题
社会问题的堆砌排比:
Ithinkthethreemajorproblemsinthesocietytodayare:
unemployment,violence,andpollution.我认为现在社会上有主要三方面的问题:
失业,暴力还有污染
恐怖主义:
Aswefacethethreatofwarandterrorism,theeconomicdownturn,andourownpersonalstrugglesandlosses,wemayneedadditionalhelpcopingfromtimetotime.TheheinousonSeptember11terroristattacksinWashingtonandNewYorkisadisaster.Anyactofinternationalterrorismisathreattointernationalpeaceandsecurityandshouldbecondemned.Allstatesshouldpreventthefinancingofterrorism,denysafehaventoterrorists,andcooperateunderacommonsetofobligationsinthefighttoendinternationalterrorism.
贫穷:
Povertyisanoutcomeoflongstandingconflictbetweenhavesandhave-nots;(有产和无产之间的矛盾)astructuralarrangementofinequality.Thus,povertyisperpetuatedthroughclassdiscriminationandunequalopportunitiesforupwardmobility.(阶级歧视,不平等机会)Indeed,themodernsocietyhasstrivedtoimprovepeople’slivesbyestablishingthesocialwelfaresystemandperformingsomeotheraffirmativeactions.(社会福利等制度)
种族歧视(权利和财富的分配不均造成)
权利不均Imbalancesinthedistributionofpower----thelossofpersonalfreedomsandcivilliberties,andabusesofauthorityleadpeopletodissatisfy.
财富不均Imbalancesinthedistributionofwealth---thelossofeconomicopportunityandsocialmobility,thecreationofapermanentunderclass,andconditionsofilliteracy,unemployment,homelessness,hunger,anddiseasecontributepeopletocrime.
威胁全球安全Thesocialproblemscausedbyeconomicandpoliti