阅读解科普文型.docx

阅读解科普文型.docx

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阅读解科普文型

【母题1】

Peoplewithanimpulsivepersonalityrefertothosewhotendtodothingswithoutconsideringthepossibledangersorproblemsfirst.AccordingtoanewstudybyresearchersattheUniversityofGeorgia,suchpeoplemaybemorelikelytohavefoodaddiction.Thestudyfoundthatpeopleexhibitingimpulsivebehaviorweren’tnecessarilyoverweight,butimpulsivenesswasrelatedtoadirectrelationshipwithfood,andtherefore,lesshealthyweight.

Foodaddictionhasb

eencomparedtoaddictivedruguse.Studieshavelinkedthedopamine（多巴胺）releasethatoccursaftertastingdeliciousfoodtothedopaminereleasethathappenswhenpeopleconsumeotheraddictivesubstances.

Impulsivebehaviorinvolvesseveralpersonalitytraits（特点）.Twoof

thesetraits,knownasnegativeurgencyandlackofperseverance,wereparticularlyassociatedwithfoodaddictionandhighBMI（身体质量指数）duringthestudy.

Negativeurgencyischaracterizedbythetendencytobehaveimpulsivelywhenexperiencingnegativeemotions.Somepeoplemightdrinkalcoholortakedrugs.Forothers,itcouldmeaneatingtofeelbetter.Lackofperseveranceis

whenapersonhasahardtimefinishinghardorboring

tasks.Peoplewithalackofperseverancemighthavedifficultyattemptingtochangeaddictiveeatingbehavior,

whichcouldalsocauseobesity.

“Impulsivenessmig

htbeonereasonwhysomepeopleeatinanaddictivewaydespitemotivationtoloseweight,”saidDr.AshleyGearhardt,aclinicalpsychologist.HewasinvolvedindevelopingtheYaleFoodAddictionScaleinaidofthosepeople.“Wearetheorizingthatiffoodaddictionisreallyathing,thenourmeasure,theYaleFoodAddictionScale,shouldberelatedtohelpingcontrolimpulsiveacti

on,”saidGearhardt.

ClinicalpsychologistDr.JamesMacKillop,whoselabwasconductingthestudy,believesthattherapiesusedtotreataddictivedrugbehaviorcouldh

elppeoplewhosufferfromaddictiveeatinghabits.

“Mostofthe

programsforweightlossatthispointfocusonthemostobviousthings,whichareclearlydietandexercise,”MacKillopsaid.“Itseemsthatmanagingstrongdesirestoeatwouldnaturallyfitinwiththeskillsapersonwouldneedtoeathealthily.”

12.AccordingtoParagraph1,theresultoffoodaddictionis________.

A.lesshealthyweightB.motivationtoloseweight

C.negativeemotionsD.takingalcoholordrugs

13.HowdoestheauthorintroducethetwopersonalitytraitsinParagraph4?

A.Bymakingcomparisonsandconclusions.B.Byexplainingcaus

esandeffects.

C.Bypresentingquestionsandanswers.D.Bygivingdefinitionsandexamples.

14.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheYaleFoodAddictionScalefromthetext?

A.Ithasbeensuccessfullycarriedoutamongoverweightpeople.

B.Itmighthelpsomeimpulsivepeoplewithfoodaddictiontoloseweight.

C.Itwillprovewhetherfoodaddictionisaproblemtoimpulsivepeople.

D.Itistheoreticallyapropertreatmentforaddictivefoodanddrugbehavior.

15.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.DopaminereleasecausedbyfoodaddictionB.Foodaddictioncomparedt

odruguse

C.ImpulsivepersonalitylinkedtofoodadditionD.Foodaddictioncontributingtoobesity

【答案】

12A

13D

14B

15C

13.D推理判断题。

根据第四段第一句Negativeurgencyischaracterizedbythetendencytobehaveimpulsivelywhenexperiencingnegativeemotions.和第四段第三句Lackofperseveranceis

whenapersonhasahardtimefinishinghardorboringtasks.可知这两句是Negativeurgency和Lackofperseverance两个概念的定义。

同时本段2、3句Somepeoplemightdrinkalcoholortakedrugs.Forothers,itco

uldmeaneatingtofeelbetter.和最后一句Peoplewithalackofperseverancemighthavedifficultyattemptingtochangeaddictiveeatingbehavior,whichcouldalsocauseobesity给出的是这两个概念的例子。

所以作者是通过定义和举例来介绍这两个定义的。

故D正确。

14.B推理判断题。

根据第五段最后一句“Wearetheorizingthatiffoodaddictionisreally

athing,thenourmeasure,theYaleFoodAddictionScale,shouldberelatedtohelpingcontrolimpulsiveaction,”saidGearhardt.和第六段第一句ClinicalpsychologistDr.JamesMacKillop,whoselabwasconductingthestudy,believesthattherapiesusedtotreataddictivedrugbehaviorcouldhelppeoplewhosufferfromaddictiveeatinghabits可知耶鲁大学的这个研究可以帮助控制冲动的行为，并帮助那些因为冲动而有不好的饮食习惯的人。

故B项说法正确。

15.C标题概括题。

本题属于主旨大意题中的标题概括题，根据第一段第二句AccordingtoanewstudybyresearchersattheUniversityofGeorgia,suchpeoplemaybemorelikelytohavefoodaddiction.一项新的研究显示性格冲动的人很可能会有食物成瘾的行为。

在后几段中介绍了人们对于这两者之间联系的研究。

所以C项“Impulsivepersonalitylinkedtofoodaddition”与文章主题一致。

【母题2】

AteamofengineersatHarvardUniversityhasbeeninspiredbyNaturetocreatethefirstroboticfly.Themechanicalflyhasbecomeaplatformforaser

iesofnewhigh-techintegratedsystems.Designedtodowhataflydoesnaturally,thetinymachineisthesizeofafathousefly.Itsminiwingsallowittostayintheairandperformcontrolledflighttasks.

“It

’sextremelyimportantforustothinkaboutthisasawholesystemandnotjustthesumofabunchofindividualcomponents（元件）,”saidRobertWood,theHarvardengineeringp

rofessorwhohasbeenworkingontheroboticflyprojectfor

overadecade.Afewyearsago,histeamgotthego-aheadtostartpiecingtogetherthecomponents.“Theaddeddifficultywithaprojectlikethisisthatactuallynoneofthosecomponentsareofftheshelfandsowehavetodevelopthemallonourown,”hesaid.

Theyengineeredaseriesofsystemstostartanddrivetheroboticfly.“Theseeminglysimplesystemwhichjustmovesthe

wingshasanumberofinterdependenciesontheindividualcomponents,eachofwhichindividuallyhastoperformwell,butthenhastobematchedwelltoeverythingit’sconnectedto,”saidWood.Theflightdevicewasbuiltintoasetofpower,computation,sensingandcontrolsystems.Woodsaysthesuccessoftheprojectprovesthattheflyingrobotwiththesetinycomponentscanbebuiltandmanufactured.

Whilethisfirstroboticflyerislinkedtoasmall,off-boardpowersource,thegoaliseventuallytoequipitwithabuilt-inpowersource,sothatitmightsomedayperformdata-gatheringworkatrescuesites,infarmers’fieldsoronthebattlefield.

“Basicallyitshouldbeabletotakeoff,landandflya

round,”hesaid.

Woodsaysthedesignoffersanewwaytostudyflightmechanicsandcontrolatinsect-scale.Yet,thepower,sensingandcomputationtechnologiesonboardcouldhavemuchbroaderapplications.“Youcanstartthinkingaboutusingthemtoansweropenscientificquestions,youknow,tostudybiologyinwaysthatwouldbedifficultwiththeanimals,butusingtheserobotsinstead,”hesaid.“Sotherearealotoftechnologiesandopeninterestingscientificquestionsthatarereallywhatdrivesusonadaytodaybasis.”

8.Thedifficultytheteamofengineersmetwithwhilemakingtheroboticflywasthat__________.

A.theyhadnomodelintheirmind

B.theydidnothavesufficienttime

C.theyhadnoready-madecomponents

D.theycouldnotassemblethecomponents

9.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraphs3and4thattheroboticfly__________.

A.consistsofaflightdeviceandacontrolsys

tem

B.canjustflyinlimitedareasatthepresenttime

C.cancollectinformationfrommanysources

D.hasbeenputintowideapplication

10.Whichofthefollowingcanbelearnedfromthepassage?

A.Theroboticflyerisdesignedtolearnaboutinsects.

B.Animalsarenotallowedinbiologicalexperiments.

C.Thereusedtobefewwaystostudyhowinsectsfly.

D.Wood’sdesignca

nreplaceanimalsinsomeexperiments.

11.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?

A.FatherofRoboticFly

B.InspirationfromEngineeringScience

C.RoboticFlyImitatesRealLifeInsect

D.HarvardBreaksThroughinInsectStudy

【答案】

8C

9B

10D

11C

9.B推理判断题。

根据第三段倒数第二句“heflightdevicewasbuiltintoasetofpower,computation,sensingandcontrolsystems”可知A项是错误的。

根据第四段第一句“Whilethisfirstroboticflyerislinkedtoasmall,off-boardpowersource”和“Basicallyitshouldbeabletotakeoff,landandflyaround,”可知，目前由于电池等的限制，只能在有限的区域飞行。

因此B项是正确的。

根据第四段的“sothatitmightsomedayperformdata-gatheringworkatrescuesites,infarmers’fieldsoronthebattlefield”可知该飞行器是在someday将来的某一天才能从不同的地方收集信息，而不是现在，因此排除C项。

纵观全文，讲述的是该飞行器尚处于开发的初级阶段，有很多地方需要改善，因此D项广泛投入使用是错误的。

综上所述，选B项。

10.D细节理解题。

根据第四段的itmightsomedayperformdata-gatheringworkatrescuesites,infarmers’fieldsoronthebattlefield可知，A项是错误的。

B项中animalsarenotallowed是错的，应该是difficultwithanimals,即有些用动物来做试验是困难的，不是不允许。

C项在文中并没有提到以前方法的多少，文中只是说offersanewwaytostudy，提供了新的方法，故排除C项。

根据最后一段的youknow,tostudybiologyinwaysthatwouldbedifficultwiththeanimals,butusingtheserobotsinstead，可知，有些试验用动物很苦难，但是可以用机器人来替代，故选择D项。

【名师点睛】

本文属于主旨大意题中的标题概括题。

我们可以根据以下原则来选择最好的标题—选帽原则?

。

英语文章的标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子，它高度概括了文章内容，点明文章主题，它是文章中心思想最精练的表达形式。

那如何选择文章的标题呢？

如同选择文章的主题思想一样，标题要有概括性、全面性、针对性。

标题要避免概括不够，即以部分代整体，或以事实细节代替具体的大意；也要避免概括过度，即脱离了文本内容的过度发挥，导致标题范围太大，缺乏针对性。

像帽子一样，大小合适才行。

另外，标题要简洁、突出、新颖。

标题是文章的点睛之笔，所以它还要具有醒目的特点，能吸引读者。

?

?

本文的重点观点在第一段，主要讲述的是哈佛大学从自然界的昆虫那里得到了灵感，设计开发了第一款机器苍蝇。

所以C项最概括第说明了文章的大意。