范文评析翻译类.docx

范文评析翻译类.docx

《范文评析翻译类.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《范文评析翻译类.docx（24页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

范文评析翻译类

ContrastandTransformationBetweenTypicalEnglishandChineseSentencePatterns

作者:

钱垂君校对者:

李丽霞黄涛

Abstract：

TheBritishpeoplehaveatendencytowardsanalytical，linealandabstractthinkingmode,separatingsubjectsfromobjects,whiletheChinesearepronetosynthetic，spiralandconcretethinkingmode,unifyingthesubjectandtheobject.Thedifferenceinthinkingmodehascontributedtodifferenttypicalsentencepatterns：

inEnglish，thetypicalsentencepatternisS=NP+VP；inChinese，itisS=Topic+Comment.Thetwoformulasposecontraststoeachotherinsuchaspectsasthematic，preferenceforsentencestyle，syntacticunitandthenatureofsubject.Knowledgeaboutthosecontrastscanprovideinsightintoandofferguidanceonthetransfor-mationofsentencepatternsbetweenthetwolanguages.DuringtransformationfromChineseintoEnglish,hypotaxiscanbepreferredto,whileparataxisisusuallyfavoredduringtransformationfromEnglishintoChinese.（点评：

由摘要中的选词、择句可以看出论文作者的英语基本功很扎实）

Keywords：

typicalsentencepatterns,contrast,transformation

Introduction

EugeneA.Nida（1983:

12）onceremarked,“Translationconsistsinthereceptorlanguagetheclosetnaturalequivalenceofthesourcelanguage.”Fullyawareofthenotionastranslatorsare,theyhavealwaysfoundelusivetheapproachtoachievementofsuch“closestnatural”equivalence.Thedifficultyhasdefiedmuchattemptatcompletesolutionbecauseofinnatedifferencesbetweenculturesandlanguages,amongwhichthedifferencebetweensentencepatternsismostfrequentlyconfronted.Thereasonresidesinthefactthatwhiletrans1ating,thetranslatortakessentenceasthetranslationunitconsciously,sentencepatternsbetweenlanguagescandirectlyinfluence,orevendeterminethequalityofapieceoftrans1ation．InthisbookSyntacticStructurespublishedin1957，Chomskyproposedthatasentencehastwolevelsofstructures：

thedeepstructureandthesurfacestructure．（胡壮麟，2001：

235）Theformerreferstotheunderlyingrelationshipbetweentheconstituentsofasentencesuchasthatbetweenthesubjectandtheverb；thelatterreferstothephonologicalrepresentationoftheformerandisusuallyconsideredtobeclosetowhatpeoplecandiscernandreceive．Fromthispointofview，translationistheprocessofseekingfortheequivalentsurfacestructureinanotherlanguage.Henceadequateknowledgeaboutthedifferencesbetweensentencepatternsinthetargetlanguageandthoseinthesourcelanguagebecomesevenmoreimportant．Ofcourse，Somecardinalprinciplesarealsotobeappliedtomakesuchtransformationsuccessful．（在引言部分,作者运用Nida和Chomsky的观点，导出句式在翻译转换实践中的重要性。

但本文论点提得不够明确，只是暗含在其中。

）

1.DifferentTypicalSentencePatternsandTheirSeparate

UnderlyingThinkingModes

1.1DifferentTypicalSentencePatterns

TraditionalEnglishgrammardefinedsentenceasalinguisticunit,completewithasubjectandapredicate．Inthe1960’s，AmericangrammarianNoamChomsky（胡壮麟,2001:

115）proposedthefollowingformulaforEnglishsentences:

S=NP+VP.Despitethedifferenceinexpression,thetwodefinitionsareidenticalinconnotation:

subjectandverbareessentialtotypicalEnglishsentencepattern．Chinesegrammar，developedundertheinfluenceofEnglishgrammar，alsoattemptedtodefinesentencesinmuchthesameway．Forinstance，ChinesescholarWangLiandGaoMingkaionceremarkedthatChinesesentencesa1sofollowthesamepattern—Subject+Verb--asEnglishsentencesdo.（蔡基刚，2001：

172）However,therecentstudieshaverevealedthatsuchadefinitiondoesnotapplytoalmost50percentChinesesentences．ShenXiaolonganalyzedthesentencepatternsadoptedinLuWenhui’snovelTheWellandconcludedthat49.6percentofitssentences,or1054intotal，felloutofthecategoryof“Subject+Verb”．Atypicalexampleisthesentence'”那场大火，幸好消防队员及时赶到”，whichcannotbeanalyzedinthe“Subject+Verb”formula．Instead,itwouldbemoreappropriatetoanalyzethesentenceas“S=Topic+Comment”，with“那场大火”asthetopicand“幸好消防队员及时赶到”asthecomment.Inoneword，theEnglishtypicalsentencepatternisS=NP+VP，whilethatofChineseisS=Topic+Comment．Thedifferencehasitsoriginindifferentthinkingmodes．

（由理论型论据[语言学家对句子的定义],首先指出英汉两种语言的典型句式不同。

英语典型句式为主谓模式，即S=NP+VP；汉语即为主题化模式，即S=Topical+Comment。

）（英汉典型句式的不同源于不同的思维模式。

这种思维模式的不同体现在以下四个方面。

）

1.2ContrastinThinkingMode

1.2.1AnalyticalThinkingModevs．SyntheticThinkingMode

UndertheimpactofsuchmastersasFrancisBacon,theBritishhavedevelopedananalyticalthinkingmode.Inotherwords,theytendtotakeobjectsapartandconsiderthemintermsoftheircomponentialparts.Accordingly,emphasisisplaceduponindividualpartsandtheirinterrelations.Thefactthatwesternmedicinetreatsthehumansystemasanassemblyofdifferentorgansshalltestifytothetrait.（用实例扼要阐释英汉民族不同的思维模式之一是：

分析性思维模式和综合性思维模式．）

Ontheotherhand,AncientChinesebelievedintheunityofManandNature,andthebeliefhasdeeplyinfluencedtheChinesemodeofthinking:

objects,whetherconcreteorabstract,aredeemedasintegratedwholes.Naturally,emphasisislaidonthewholeinsteadofitsindividualcomponents.TakethetraditionalChinesemedicineasanexample:

itregardsthehumansystemasanintegratedwholeandmedicineisnotonlyprescribedforthetreatmentoftheailingparts.

Asinthinkingmode,soinlanguage.Thedifferenceinthinkingmodehasgeneratedthedifferenttendencyinlanguage:

theEnglishlanguagetendstobehypotactic,withitsemphasisonformalconnection;theChineselanguagetendstobeparatactic,withmuchstressonlogicalandchroniccoherence.（不同的思维模式反映在语言上就是：

英语重形合，汉语重意合。

）

1.2.2LinealThinkingModevs.SpiralThinkingMode

SupposethatanEnglishstudentandaChinesestudentaretoborrowadictionaryfromthesameteacher.TheEnglishstudentwouldstatehisintentionimmediatelyaftersomebriefgreetings.TheChinesestudent,however,ismostlikelytopresentagreatdealofpleasantrybeforehecomestothepoint,incompliancewiththevirtueattachedtopolitenessandeuphemismsinceancienttimes.Thedifferenceintheirapproachesbespeaksthedifferenceintheirthinkingmodes:

theEnglishtendtofollowalinealone,withitsstresson“firstthingsfirst”,whiletheChineseismorelikelytofollowaspiralone,withitsstressoncircumlocution，thatistosay，“pleasantryfirst”.（用实例扼要阐释英汉民族不同的思维模式之二是：

直线性思维模式和螺旋性思维模式．）（用词精练，表达清楚．）

Accordingly,theEnglishlanguageemphasizethecorrespondencebetweenformandfunction；whileChineserestrictiononsuchcorrespondenceisrelativelyloose.Instead，emphasisis1aiduponsemanticcoherenceandconsistency.

1.2.3SeparationofSubjectandObjectvs.TheirUnification

TheBritishcherishtheseparationofsubjectfromobject.Suchathinkingmodeisdirectedatoutwardobjects，exploringtheirinfluence.Inotherwords,outsideobjectstaketheprimaryposition，whiletheselfbecomesinvolvedonlybecauseoftheinfluenceexerteduponitbythoseexternalobjects．Ontheotherhand，theancientChinesephilosophyemphasizedtheimportanceofhumanbeing,TheemphasisisdemonstratedinthefamoussayingsofConfucius,oneofthegreatestscholarsinancientChina，whoonceremarked（蔡基刚，2001：

195），“Accordingtotheintentionoftheheaven,humanbeingismostimportant.”Mencius，anotherscholarinancientChinaalsosaid（蔡基刚，2001：

195），“Allthethingsaretoserveman.”TheseremarksareademonstrationoftheimportanceplaceduponhumanbeingintheChinesethinkingmode．Actually，peoplefromChinaregardmanastheonlyonecapableofconsciousacts.（用理论型论据说明英汉民族不同的思维方式之三：

主客体分离和主客体统一。

）（在这一段里，作者用过渡性词语Inotherwords,Ontheotherhand和Actually强化了语篇内的衔接关系。

）

Inaccordancewiththedifferenceinthinkingmode,theEnglishlanguageattachesgreatvaluetobeingconcrete，objectiveandimpersonal，whiletheChineselanguageregardsitasavirtuetobegeneralandpersonal.

1.2.4AbstractThinkingModevs.ConcreteThinkingMode

AccordingtotheEnglish,theworldismadeupofabstractunits,followingcertaincorrespondingrules.Inotherwords,theytendtobeabstractinthinkingmode.Ontheotherhand,theChinesetendtodescribeabstractconceptswithconcreteterms,thatis,theyarepronetoconcretethinkingmode.（进一步阐释英汉民族不同的思维模式之四：

抽象思维模式和具体思维模式．）

Thecontrasthasunavoidablyleftitsmarkuponlanguages:

Englishemphasizesthecorrespondencebetweenformandfunction;Chineseispronetostressonsemanticconsistency.Asaresult,theEnglishlanguagehasmoreandmuchstricterrulesgoverningformalcoherenceandcompactness;theChineselanguage,incontrast,callsformorereaderparticipationindecoding.

Thinkingmodeprovidestheunderlyingmechanismforthegenerationanddevelopmentoflanguage;inturn,itfindsitsexpressioninthelatter.Onelanguageisnotonlyintegralto,butalsothemajorcarrierforacertainthinkingmode.Tothelastanalysis,thedifferenceinthinkingmodehasbredthedifferencebetweenhypotaxisandparataxis.InhisOutlineofClassicalChineseGrammar,EdwinG.Pulleyblankoncewrote:

"WhereEnglishandmanyotherlanguagesusehypostaticconstruction,withrelationshipofsubordinationexplicitlymarkedbyconnectivesandverbalmorphology,Chineseveryoftenusesparataxis,leavingthesemanticrelationshipstobeinferredfromthetest."Inotherwords,Englishhasatendencytowardshypotaxisorformalcoherenceandsmoothness,joiningwords,phrases,wordgroupsandclauseswithconnectives,referencesandotherlinkingdevices.Ontheotherhand,Chinesehasapropinquitytowardsparataxisorsemanticconsistency;itswords,wordgroupsandclausesarerelativelylooselyconnectedinform.Suchcontrastnaturallyresultsindifferentsentencepatterns:

theNP+VPoftheEnglishlanguageandtheTopic+Comment