建筑结构设计及材料中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
StructureinDesignofArchitectureAndStructuralMaterial
Wehaveandthearchitectsmustdealwiththespatialaspectofactivity,physical,andsymbolicneedsinsuchawaythatoverallperformanceintegrityisassured.Hence,heorshewellwantstothinkofevolvingabuildingenvironmentasatotalsystemofinteractingandspaceformingsubsystems.Isrepresentsacomplexchallenge,andtomeetitthearchitectwillneedahierarchicdesignprocessthatprovidesatleastthreelevelsoffeedbackthinking:
schematic,
preliminary,andfinal.
Suchahierarchyisnecessaryifheorsheistoavoidbeingconfused,atconceptualstagesofdesignthinking,bythemyriaddetailissuesthatcandistractattentionfrommorebasicconsiderations.Infact,wecansaythatanarchitect’sabilitytodistinguishthemorebasicformthemoredetailedissuesisessentialtohissuccessasadesigner.
Theobjectoftheschematicfeedbacklevelistogenerateandevaluate overall site-plan, activity-interaction, andbuilding-configurationoptions.Todosothearchitectmustbeabletofocusontheinteractionofthebasicattributesofthesitecontext,thespatialorganization,andthesymbolismasdeterminantsofphysicalform.Thismeansthat,inschematicterms,thearchitectmayfirstconceiveandmodelabuildingdesignasanorganizationalabstractionofessentialperformance-spaceinteractions.Thenheorshemayexploretheoverallspace-formimplicationsoftheabstraction.Asanactualbuildingconfigurationoptionbeginstoemerge,itwillbemodifiedtoincludeconsiderationforbasicsiteconditions.
Attheschematicstage,itwouldalsobehelpfulifthedesignercouldvisualizehisorheroptionsforachievingoverallstructuralintegrityandconsidertheconstructivefeasibilityandeconomicof
hisorherscheme.Butthiswillrequirethatthearchitectand/oraconsultantbeabletoconceptualizetotal-systemstructuraloptionsintermsofelementaldetail.Suchoverallthinkingcanbeeasilyfedbacktoimprovethespace-formscheme.
Atthepreliminarylevel,thearchitect’semphasiswillshifttotheelaborationofhisorhermorepromisingschematicdesignoptions.Herethearchitect’sstructuralneedswillshifttoapproximatedesignofspecificsubsystemoptions.Atthisstagethetotalstructuralschemeisdevelopedtoamiddlelevelofspecificitybyfocusingonidentificationanddesignofmajorsubsystemstotheextentthattheirkeygeometric,component,andinteractivepropertiesareestablished.Basicsubsysteminteractionanddesignconflictscanthusbeidentifiedandresolvedinthecontextoftotal-systemobjectives.Consultantscanplayasignificantpartinthiseffort;thesepreliminary-leveldecisionsmayalsoresultinfeedbackthatcallsforrefinementorevenmajorchangeinschematicconcepts.
Whenthedesignerandtheclientaresatisfiedwiththefeasibilityofadesignproposalatthepreliminarylevel,itmeansthatthebasicproblemsofoveralldesignaresolvedanddetailsarenotlikelytoproducemajorchange.Thefocusshiftsagain,andthedesignprocessmovesintothefinallevel.Atthisstagetheemphasis
willbeonthedetaileddevelopmentofallsubsystemspecifics.Heretheroleofspecialistsfromvariousfields,includingstructuralengineering,ismuchlarger,sincealldetailofthepreliminarydesignmustbeworkedout.DecisionsmadeatthislevelmayproducefeedbackintoLevelIIthatwillresultinchanges.However,ifLevels
IandIIarehandledwithinsight,therelationshipbetweentheoveralldecisions,madeattheschematicandpreliminarylevels,andthespecificsofthefinallevelshouldbesuchthatgrossredesignisnotinquestion,Rather,theentireprocessshouldbeoneofmovinginanevolutionaryfashionfromcreationandrefinement(ormodification)ofthemoregeneralpropertiesofatotal-systemdesignconcept,tothefleshingoutofrequisiteelementsanddetails.
Tosummarize:
AtLevelI,thearchitectmustfirstestablish,inconceptualterms,theoverallspace-formfeasibilityofbasicschematicoptions.Atthisstage,collaborationwithspecialistscanbehelpful,butonlyifintheformofoverallthinking.AtLevelII,thearchitectmustbeabletoidentifythemajorsubsystemrequirementsimpliedbytheschemeandsubstantialtheirinteractivefeasibilitybyapproximatingkeycomponentproperties.Thatis,thepropertiesofmajorsubsystemsneedbeworkedoutonlyinsufficientdepthtoverytheinherentcompatibilityoftheirbasicform-relatedandbehavioralinteraction.Thiswillmeanasomewhatmorespecific
formofcollaborationwithspecialiststhenthatinlevelI.AtlevelIII,thearchitectandthespecificformofcollaborationwithspecialiststhenthatprovidingforalloftheelementaldesignspecificsrequi