英语词汇学复习.docx

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英语词汇学复习.docx

英语词汇学复习

 

英语词汇学复习的内容:

一、考试题形式分为:

Ⅰ.选择题(20分):

完全是考书中的理论与例子的结合,即知识点等。

1-9cahpters

Ⅱ.填空(30分):

考定义概念。

1-10chapters

Ⅲ.(20分)习语英译汉:

教材中汉语部分idioms:

习语的特点Ⅳ.(10分)论述题:

第三章为主

Ⅴ.树形图(依据上下义关系作图)(20分):

第二、六章

二、教材内容简介三、复习内容

Introduction部分

Lexicology这门课算哪一种学科的分支:

Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics.

Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:

1)Morphology2)Semantics3)Stylistics

4)Etymology5)Lexicography研究lexicology的两大方法:

1)Diachronicapproach:

历时语言学

2)Synchronicapproach:

共时语言学

e.g.wife纵观历时语言学的方法论,woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式?

Woman的词义的变化是Narrowingorspecialization

第一章词的概述;

1.识记:

词的定义2.声音与意义3.声音与拼写4.词汇5.词汇的分类

Whatisword?

词具有哪些特点?

词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。

1)Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguage;

2)Asoundunityoragivensound;

3)aunitofmeaning;

4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.

以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类(classificationofaword)

词根据发音可以分为哪两种词?

或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词?

1)simplewords2)complexwords

单音节词例子:

e.g.Manandfinearesimple

多音节词例子:

e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmail

management可以次划分为manage和-ment

misfortune可以次划分为mis-和fortune

blackmail次划分为black和mail

Whatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?

 

1)Thereis,nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualthing.e.g.dog.cat

2)Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.

3)Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.

Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform?

1)Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform,suchasEnglishlanguage.2)ThisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish

3)Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.

Whatarethegreatchangesthatcausesillogicalrelationshiporirregularitybetweensoundandform?

1)TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.

2)Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.

3)Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.

4)Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.

要记住以上四句话中的关键词:

1)influencedbyRomans

2)Pronunciationchanged

3)earlyscribes

4)borrowing

你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些?

e.g.stimulus(L),fiesta(Sp),eureka(Gr),kimono(Jap)

外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘soundandform’不一致。

Whatisvocabulary?

Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.

ClassificationofWords本(课的一个重点)

Whatistheclassificationofwords?

Howtoclassifywordsinlinguistics?

Threecriteria:

1)Byuseoffrequency2)Bynotion

Byuseoffrequency可划分为:

1)Thebasicwordstock

Bynotion可划分为:

 

3)Byorigin

 

2)Nonbasicwordvocabulary

1)Contentword2)Functionalword

Contentwordsarealsoknownasnotionalwords.(Contentwords的别称)Functionalwordsarealsoknownasemptywords,orformwords.(Functionalwords的别称)

Functionalwordspossessesacharacteristicofbasicwordstock,i.e.stability

 

AccordingtoStuartRobertson,etal(1957),*theninefunctionalwords,namely,and,be,have,it,of,the,to,will,you

Whatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock?

1)

Allnationalcharacter

2)Stability

3)

Productivity

4)Polysemy

5)

Collocability

要把握住‘Allnationalcharacter’的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的,最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点,请你举例说明?

e.g.man,woman,fire,watere.g.machine,video,telephone

e.g.bow,chariot,knight

Stabilityisrelative,notabsolute.

根据词的usefrequency划分出的基本词之外,还有一类词叫作Nonebasicvocabulary,非基本词有几大特点?

或者是几大分类?

1)

Terminologye.g.sonata,algebra

2)Jargone.g.Bottomline(Jargon)

3)

Slange.g.smoky,bear(Slang)

4)Argote.g.persuader

5)

Dialectalwordse.g.station(AusE=ranch)bluid(ScotE=blood)

6)

Archaismse.g.wilt(will)

7)Neologismse.g.email(Neologisms)

beaver是girl的slang表达方式,但是二者之间存在着Stylisticdifference

WhichconstitutesthelargernumberamongEnglishvocabulary,contentwordsorfunctionalwords?

Answer:

Contentwords

Whatisnativewords?

Answer:

(1)Byorigin,Englishwordscanbeclassifiedintonativewordsandborrowedwords.

(2)NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturyby

theGermantribes:

theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknowasAnglo-Saxonwords.

(3)WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallinnumber,amountingtoroughly50,000to60,000,buttheyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage

什么叫borrowedwords?

Answer:

(1)wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.

(2)ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary

(3)TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentries

areborrowed.

什么叫Denizens?

DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.InotherwordstheyhavecometoconformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling,suchasportfromportus(L).

(earlyscripts)

(scripts)

 

‘Denizens’的例子都要记:

Portfromportus(L),cupfromcuppa(L),shiftfromskipta(ON),shirtfromskyrta(ON),changefromchangier

(F),porkfromporc(F).

什么叫Translation-loans?

Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedformtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage,suchas

longtimenoseefromhaojiumeijian(Ch)

什么叫Semantic-loans?

wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,Buttheirmeaningareborrowed,inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelanguage,suchastheworddream,whichoriginallymeant?

joy?

and,music?

anditsmodernmeaningwasborrowedlaterfromtheNorse.

6.英语词汇的形成与发展

1)印欧语系的谱系关系2)英语词汇发展的历史回顾3)当代英语词汇发展的状况

4)词汇发展的方式

ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary

TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily

Itisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000(someputit5,000)languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.重(点:

语系划分的标准)

Whatisthecriteriatodividelanguagefamilies?

1.thebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstock2.grammar

(重点)TheBalto-Slaviccomprisessuchmodernlanguagesas(选择题内容:

Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,Slovenianand

Russian.

‘Indo-European’两大分支:

①.Easternset

②.Westernset

Easternset:

Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,ArmenianandAlbanian

Westernset:

Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic.

InthewesternSet,GreekisthemodernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.

Celtic:

Scottish,Irish,Welsh,Breton

ThefiveRomancelanguages,namely,Portuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,

RoumanianallbelongtotheItalic.TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:

Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,whicharegenerallyknownasScandinavianlanguages.ThenthereisGerman,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish.WithVikings?

invasion,manyScandinavianwordscameintotheEnglishlanguage.

Itisestimatedthatatleast900wordsofScandinavianoriginhavesurvivedinmodernEnglish.

OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.

重点句:

ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland

古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于

古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了

Soundandform真正达到统一是在什么时期?

 

.Soundandformreachedtheirconcordin(ModernEnglishperiod)

如果从词汇变化的角度而言,ModernEnglish又可以细划分为earlyperiod,

modernperiod.

*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期(重要的选择或填空内容)EarlymodernEnglishappearedintheRenaissance

ModernEnglishperiod有什么样的外来语的进入?

TheLatinwordsswarmedintoEnglishinearlymodernEnglishperiod

现代英语时期,英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是(colonization)TherichnessofModernEnglishinvocabularyalsoarisesfrom(Colonization)

TheEnglishlanguagehasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage(重要选择或填空内容)

GrowthofPresent-dayEnglishVocabulary

Threemainsourcesofnewwords:

1)Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology

2)Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;

3)Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguage

ModesofVocabularyDevelopment

1)creation2)semanticchange3)borrowing

2)Semanticchange(还包括外来词的Semanticloans)

Elevation,degradation,extension,narrowing,transfer

外来词可以被称作borrowedwords,因此又可以被称作.重点句:

borrowedwordsarealsoknownasloanedwords.恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色

RevivingarchaicorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.ThisisespeciallytrueofAmericanEnglish.英语从syntheticlanguage发展到presentanalyticallanguage是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的?

答案:

ModernEnglishperiod

文艺复兴时期,恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段?

答案:

EarlyModernEnglishperiod

在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象?

French,Latin,EnglishinMiddleEnglishperiod

easel,port,freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段,属于哪一种外来词的引入?

答案:

MiddleEnglish,Dutch

在英语发展的某一个阶段,有一种语言进入英语,它一共带来了

2500个词汇,

这种语言是什么?

答案:

Dutch

据现代语言学家的统计,英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少?

答案:

50,000to60,000他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxontongue)

第二次世界大战以后,大量外来词进入英语中,如:

Maojackets,blackbelt,kongfu,这些词属于英语词汇发展的Present-dayEnglishVocabulary

注意:

第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。

OldEnglish和MiddleEnglish最大的striking

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