主要文学流派及其代表作.docx
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主要文学流派及其代表作
主要文学流派及其代表作
Classicism古典主义
Asacriticalterm,abodyofdoctrinethoughttobederivedfromortoreflectthequalitiesofancientGreekandRomancultureparticularlyinliterature,philosophy,artorcriticism.Classicismstandsforcertaindefiniteideasandattitudes,mainlydrawnfromthecriticalutterancesoftheGreeksandRomansordevelopedthroughanimitationofancientartandliterature.Theseincluderestraint,restrictedscope,dominanceofreason,senseofform,unityofdesignandaim,clarity,simplicity,balance,attentiontostructureandlogicalorganization,chastenessinstyle,severityofoutline,moderation,self-control,intellectualism,decorum,respectfortradition,imitation,conservatismand"goodsense".
Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksinclude:
JohnBunyan:
ThePilgrim'sProgress(1678).
Neoclassicism新古典主义
Itmainlyappliestotheclassicaltendencywhichdominatedtheliteratureofthe17thcenturyand18thcentury.Itwas,atleast,theresultofareactionagainstthefiresofpassionwhichhadblazedinthelateRenaissance,especiallyinthemetaphysical(十七世纪诗体的)poetry.AndNeoclassicismesteemedobjectivity,harmony,rationality,dignity,proportion,andmoderation,stressedartisticsystemsandtechnicalcorrelationofstylisticcomponents,admiredconciseness,elegance,goodtasteandwit,combinedpleasurewithinstructionandmatchedcontenttostyle.
Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:
JohnDryden(1631--1700):
TheWorldWellLost(1678);
AlexanderPope(1688--1744):
TheRapeoftheLock(1714),
TheDunciad(1742).
EarlyRomanticism浪漫主义
Romanticism,asaliterarytrend,occurredanddevelopedinEuropeandAmericaattheturnofthe18thand19thcenturiesunderthehistoricalbackgroundoftheIndustrialRevolution.Romanticismstressesindividualandcreativefunctionofimagination.Itplacesindividualattheverycenterofalllifeandallexperienceandatthecenterofart.
Itscharacteristicsare:
(1)Romanticismisarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.
(2)Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsaremoreimportantthanreasonand
commonsense.
(3)RomanticsdonotthinkoftheworldasatickingwatchmadebyGod
(4)Theyemphasizeindividualism,placingtheindividualagainsttheagainstthegroup,against
authority.
(5)Theyaffirmtheinnerlifeoftheself,andwanteachpersontobefreetodevelopandexpress
hisowninnerthoughts
(6)Theycherishstronginterestinthepast,especiallythemedieval.
(7)Theyareinterestedinvarietyandattractedbythewild,theirregular,theindefinite,remote,
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themysterious,andthestrange.
(8)AmericanRomanticismpresentsanentirelynewexperiencealientoEuropeanculture,and
produceafeelingof"newness"whichhasinspiredtheromanticimagination.
Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:
WordsworthandColeridge:
LyricalBallads(1798);
WashingtonIrving:
TheSketchBook(1820)
HighRomantics
Americanromanticismreachesitspeakwiththeappearanceofthemajorauthorsofthe19thCentury,suchasEdgarAllanPoe,WaltWhitmanandEmilyDickinsoninpoetry,andNathanielHawthorneandHermanMelvilleinfiction.Theytooktheirdeparturefromthecomplacentromanticimpulseoftheearly19thcenturyandcreatedforthemselvesnewliterarypersonalities.Theyestablishedfirmgroundfortheirartinwell-conceivedliterarytheoriesandwell-structuredliteraryforms.
Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworks
EdgarAllanPoe:
TheRaven(1845);
WaltWhitman:
LeavesofGrass(1855);
NathanielHawthorne:
TheScarletLetter
HermanMelville:
MobyDick(1851).
Realism
Realismisbasedontheaccurate,unromanticizedobservationofhumanexperiences.Itinsistseverydayscenesarerepresentedinastraightforwardormatter-of-factmanneronprecisedescription,authenticactionanddialogue,moralhonestyandademocraticopennessinsubjectmatterandstyle.Asaliterarymovement,realismreferstotheapproachofrealistfictionoccuredatthelatterpartofthe19thcentury.
Itsmajorfeaturesare:
(1)Realismisthetheoryofwritinginwhichfamiliaraspectsofcontemporarylifeandeveryday
sensesarerepresentedinastraightforwardormatter-of-factmanner.
(2)Inrealistfictioncharactersfromallsociallevelsareexaminedindepth.
(3)Openendingisalsoagoodexampleofthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.
(4)Realismfocusesoncommonnessofthelivesofthecommonpeoplewhoarecustomarily
ignoredbythearts.
(5)Realismemphasizesobjectivityandoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhuman
natureandhumanexperience.
(6)Romanticismpresentsmoralvisions.
Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:
WilliamDeanHowell:
AModernInstance(1882)
MarkTwain:
TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884)
GeorgeEliot:
AdamBede(1859)
TheMillontheFloss(1860)
Naturalism
Naturalismappliestheprinciplesofscientificdeterminismtofiction.Itviewshumanbeings
animalsinthenaturalworldrespondingtoenvironmentalforcesandinternalstressesanddrives,overnoneofwhichtheyhavecontrolandnoneofwhichtheyfullyunderstand.Herearethreemajorconceptsofliterarynaturalisminthebroadabstractway:
(1)Humansarecontrolledbylawsofheredityandenvironment.
(2)Theuniverseiscold,godless,indifferentandhostiletohumandesires.
(3)Theliterarynaturalistshaveamajordifferencefromtherealists:
thedifferenceisrestraint,not
actionitself;naturalistcharactersactoutofasimilarsetofmotivesanddesires,andtheydifferfromtheirrealistcounterpartsonlyinbeingunabletoresisttheconditionsthatpressuponthem.
Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:
StephenCrane:
Maggie,aGirloftheStreets(1893),
TheRedBadgeofCourage(1895);
TheodoreDreiser:
SisterCarrie(1899),
AnAmericanTragedy(1925)
Modernism
From1890stoearly1940s,modernismbecameaninternationaltendencyagainstpositivismandrepresentationalartandliterature.Theessenceofmodernismisabreakwiththepastanditalsofosteresabeliefinartandliteratureasanavenuetoself-fulfillment.Modernismtakesshapeinaconvergenceoftendenciesinmodernculture,accidentalcircumstancesandconcertseffortsonthepastofinfluentialwriters,somepoliticallyconservativeandsomeradical.Itincludesawiderangeofartisticexpressionssuchassymbolism,impressionism,post-impressionism,futurism,imagism,vorticism,expressionism,dada,andsurrealism.
Itsmajorfeaturesare:
(1)Modernismdramatizesdiscontinuityandimminentseverancefromthepastwhilemaking
determinedeffortstousethepast,itsvaluesandartisticforms,layemphasisonincorporatingtheminnewliteraryproduction.
(2)Modernistshaveasenseoffragmentationinsocialcommunitiesandthefragmentationwithin
theindividualhimself.
(3)Thedistinctivefeatureofliterarymodernismisitsstrongandconsciousbreakwith
traditionalperceptionsandtechniquesofexpression,anditsgreatconcernwithlanguageallaspectsofitsmedium.
Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:
ThomasStearnsEliot:
TheHollowMen(1922)
AshWednesday(1930);
ErnestHemingway:
AFarewelltoArms(1929),
TheOldManandtheSea(1952)
PostwarRealism
Postwarrealismisdifferentfromthenormativerealismofthe19thcentury.Ithasbeensearchforvisionthatcanrelateanoppressedresponsetosocietyandhistorytoanawarenessofindividuallonelinessandmoralandtranscendentalhungerbothtodifferentiateandreunitetheselfandthesocietyanditisnotmerelyareturntotheoldtraditionofrealism.Postwarrealismembodiesgreatchangesinliteraturealongwiththegreatchangesinsociety.
Postwarrealistwritersfocusmoreonspiritualaspectsofhumanlifewhilerevealingdenouncingthedarkforcesinsociety.
Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:
JamesThurber:
NewYorker(1925--1933);
Updike:
TheCentaur(1964)
Postmodernism
1963isidentifiedasthebeginningofPostmodernism.Itischaracterizedbyamultiplicityofindividualvoices.Andpostmodernfictionsharesacommonsensethatacrisisisathandforsocietyandforliteratureandthatallformsofdogma,convention,ideologyneedtobereexaminedandreplacedifnecessarybyfreshersystemsmoresuitabletothetimes.
Itsmajorfeaturesare:
(1)Postmodernwritersbroodoverwhattheyperceivetobeabsenceofanswersandcontinuityby
emphasizingrandomnessanddiscontinuityandbyblurringthedistinctionbetweenauthorandfictionalcharacter.Theyinsistondrawingthereaderintotheconfidencethatthetextistheonlyreality.
(2)PostmodernfictionseekstoshowtheformratherthanthecontentofAmericanreality.
(3)Thefundamentalruleofthepostmodernfictionistheabsurdandthearbitrary.
(4)Postmodernwritersholdthattherealityofmodernlifeistooelusiveanduncertainforpeople
torationalizeandidealize
(5)Thedistrustoftraditionalmimeticgenres,alliedtothephilosophicalclimateofstructuralism
anddeconstruction,hasencouragedpostmodernismtoembracepopularforms,suchasdetectivefiction,sciencefiction,andfairytale.
Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:
KurtVonnegut:
TheSirensofTitan(1959),
Cat’sCradle(1963)
RaymondFederman:
TakeItorLeaveIt(1976)
StreamofConsciousness
Theterm"streamofconsciousness",coinedbyWilliamJames,isusedtoindicatealiteraryapproachtothepresentationofpsychologicalaspectsofcharactersinfiction.
Therearetwolevelsofconsciousness,"thespeechlevel"and"theprespeechlevel".Stream-of-consciousnessnovelsaregreatlyconcern