全国硕士研究生英语二.docx

全国硕士研究生英语二.docx

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全国硕士研究生英语二

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语二）试题

　　SectionI UseofEnglish

　　Directions：

　　Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

　　TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas 1 acrosstheWeb.

　　Canprivacybepreserved 2  bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly 3  ?

　　Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation’scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta 4 tomaketheWebasaferplace-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech 5 ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled 6 one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential 7 toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.

　　Theideaisto 8 afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould 9 whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense     10   bythegovernment.

　　GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto  11 justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.

　　12.theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”ncyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa  13 community.

　　Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith 14 ,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure 15 whichthetransactionruns”.

　　Still,theadministration’splanhas 16 privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould 17 beacompulsoryInternet“drive’slicense”mentality.

　　Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith 18 bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet 19 .TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe 20 toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.

1．

A.swept

B.skipped

C.walked

D.ridden

2．

A.for

B.within

C.while

D.though

3．

A.careless

B.lawless

C.pointless

D.helpless

4．

A.reason

B.reminder

C.compromise

D.proposal

5．

A.information

B.interference

C.entertainment

D.equivalent

6．

A.by

B.into

C.from

D.over

7．

A.linked

B.directed

C.chained

D.compared

8．

A.dismiss

B.discover

C.create

D.improve

9．

A.recall

B.suggest

C.select

D.realize

10．

A.relcased

B.issued

C.distributed

D.delivered

11．

A.carryon

B.lingeron

C.setin

D.login

12．

A.Invain

B.Ineffect

C.Inreturn

D.Incontrast

13．

A.trusted

B.modernized

c.thriving

D.competing

14．

A.caution

B.delight

C.confidence

D.patience

15．

A.on

B.after

C.beyond

D.across

16．

A.divided

B.disappointed

C.protected

D.united

17．

A.frequestly

B.incidentally

C.occasionally

D.eventually

18．

A.skepticism

B.relerance

C.indifference

D.enthusiasm

19．

A.manageable

B.defendable

C.vulnerable

D.invisible

20．

A.invited

B.appointed

C.allowed

D.forced

SectionII ReadingComprehension

　　PartA

　　Directions:

　　Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Text 1

RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’boardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000;ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmuchcriticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?

ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.

Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.

　　TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasethatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup,”leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.

　　Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor__________.

　　[A]gainingexcessiveprofits

　　[B]failingtofulfillherduty

　　[C]refusingtomakecompromises

　　[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes

22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe __________.　　

[A]generousinvestors

　　[B]independentadvisers

　　[C]sharepriceforecasters

　　[D]unbiasedexecutives

23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto __________.

　　[A]becomemorestable

　　[B]reportincreasedearnings

　　[C]performworseinlawsuits

　　[D]dolesswellinthestockmarket

24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors __________.

　　[A]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm

[B]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm

[C]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm

　　[D]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm

25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis __________.

　　[A]positive

　　[B]scornful

[C]critical 

[D]permissive

21-25BBDCA

Text2

　　Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?

Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFederalTradeCommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?

Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?

Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.

Inmuchoftheworldthereislittlesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.

Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.

Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development（OECD）.InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.

Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.

26.Bysaying“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”（Lines3-4,Para.1）,theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper __________.

[A]wereinadesperatesituation

[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies

[C]werenotcharitablecorporations

[D]neglectedthesignofcrisis

27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause  __________.

[A]readersthreatenedtopayless

[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts

[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas

[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts

28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey  __________.

[A]arelessaffectedbyreadership

[B]havemoresourcesofrevenue

[C]havemorebalancednewsrooms

[D]arelessdependentonadvertising

29.Wh