英语词汇学复习要点不过就难啊.docx

英语词汇学复习要点不过就难啊.docx

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英语词汇学复习要点不过就难啊

1.Motivation分类：

onomatopoeicmotivation拟声理据,morphologicalmotivation形态理据,semanticmotivation语义理据,etymologicalmotivation词源理据.

2.Typesofmeaning:

grammatical~&lexical~;conceptual~&associative~（connotative~,stylistic~,affective~,collocative~,）

Associativemeaning:

1）associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.2）Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminated.3）Itisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.4）Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:

connotative,stylistic,affective,andcollocative.

3.Polysemyisacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturallanguagethatonewordhastwoormoresensesormeanings.Diachronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudieshowawordderiveditsdifferentmeaningsfromitsprimarymeaninginthecourseoftime.

4.同形同音异义关系Homonymyisoneofthefeaturesofwordsthatawordisdifferentinmeaningfromanother,buteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspellingwiththeotherHomonymsgenerallyfallintothreeclasses:

perfecthomonyms（samename）;homographs（samespelling）andhomophones（somesound）.Perfecthomonymsarethosewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning,e.g.bear/bea/（n）alargeheavyanimal;bear/bea/（v）toputupwith.Homographsarethewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning,e.g.saw//（v）toscatterseeds;sow/sau/（n）femaleadultpig.Homophonesrefertothewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning,e.g.dear/dia/（n）alovedperson;deer/dia/（n）akindofanimal.

5.同形同音异义词与多义词的区别

Perfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefullyidenticalwithregardtospellingandpronunciation.Thiscreatestheproblemofdifferentiation.Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenhomonymsandpolysemantsliesinthefactthattheformerreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandthelatteristheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology,i.e.homonymsarefromdifferentsourceswhereasapolysemantisfromthesamesourcewhichhasacquireddifferentmeaningsinthecourseofdevelopment.Thesecondprincipalconsiderationissemanticrelatedness.Thevariousmeaningsofapolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaningtoagreaterorlesserdegree,e.g.neck（See6.1Polysemy）.Ontheotherhand,meaningsofdifferenthomonymshavenothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningsalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries.

6.同义关系

Synonymsarewordswhichsharethesameornearlythesamemeaningwitheachotherbutdifferentinsoundandspelling.Thereareabsolutesynonymsandrelativesynonymswhichresultfromborrowing,dialectsandregionalEnglish,figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords,coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions.Thereexiststhedifferencebetweenoramongsynonymsintermsoftheirdenotation,connotationorapplication.Absolutesynonymsorcompletesynonymsarewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects.Relativesynonymsornear-synonymsaresimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.

SourcesofSynonyms

1）Borrowing2）DialectsandregionalEnglish3）Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords4）Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions

如何区分同义词？

1Differenceindenotation2Differenceinconnotation3Differenceinapplication

7.Whatarethecharacteristicsofantonyms?

1）Antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition2）Awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.3）Antonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion.4）Contrarytermsaregradableantonyms,differingindegreeofintenisty,soeachhasitsowncorrespondingopposite.

8.上下义关系:

Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Thatis,themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Superordinatesrefertosomegeneralwords;subordinatesdenotethosemorespecificwords.Hyponymycanbedescribedintermsoftree-likegraphs,withhigher-ordersuperordinatesabovethelowersubordinates.Buttheirstatuseitherassuperordinateorsubordinateisrelativetootherterms.Forexample,horse,dog,pigaresubordinatesinrelationtoanimal,butsuperordinatesofmare,houndandboar,Animalitselfbecomesasubordinateofcreature.Andcreatureinturnbecomes

9.词义变化的种类Therearefivetypesofmeaning,changes:

extension,narrowing,degradation,elevation,andtransferamongwhichextensionandnarrowingarethemostcommon.Changesinmeaningcanbeaccountedforfromextra-linguisticfactors（historicalreason,classreason,andpsychologicalreason）andintra-linguisticfactors（shortening,theinfluxofborrowing,andanalogy）.

10.词义的扩大Extensionisaprocessbywhichawordwithaspecializedsenseisgeneralizedtocoverabroaderorless

词义的缩小Narrowingisaprocessbywhichawordofwidermeaningacquiresaspecializedsense；词义的升格Elevationisaprocessbywhichawordmovesfromaderogatoryorneutralsensetoaneutraland/orappreciativesense；

词义的降格Degradationisaprocessbywhichawordofreputationslidesintoapejorativeuse,；

11.词义的转移Transferisaprocessbywhichaworddenotingonethingchangestorefertoadifferentbutrelatedthing.Paperservesasanexample.ThiswordformerlydenotedanAfricanplantpapyrus,whichwasonceusedtomakepaper.Inmoderntimes,paperismadefromrags,wood,strawandthelike,buttheproducthasretainedthesamename.Thereisassociatedtransfer.Thereareotherkindsoftransfer,suchas,concretetoabstract,abstracttoconcreteandtransferofsensation.

12.语境的种类:

非语言语境。

语言语境：

词汇语境和语法语境。

Therearetwotypesofcontexts:

linguisticcontextandextra-linguistic（ornon-linguisticcontext）.Extra-linguisticcontextreferstothosesituationsandfeatureswhicharenotdirectlyapartofthelanguageinusebutwhicheithercontributeinconveyingamessageorhaveaninfluenceonlanguageuse.LinguisticorIntra-linguisticcontextisfurthersubdividedintolexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext.Bylexicalcontextwemeanthewordsthatoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestion.Bygrammaticalcontextwemeanthatthemeaningsofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.

13.语境的作用：

Threemajorfunctionsofcontext:

eliminationofambiguity,indicationofreferents,provisionofcluesforinferringword-meaning.Contextanbesummedupasfollows:

1）definition2）explanation3）example4）synonymy5）Antonymy6）hyponymy7）relevantdetails8）wordstructure

14.英语习语的特点Thecharacteristicsofidiomsincludesemanticunityandstructuralstability.

英语习语的分类Accordingtothecriterionoftheirgrammaticalfunctions,weclassifythemintoidiomsnominalinnature,idiomsadjectivalinnature,idiomsverbalinnature,idiomsadverbialinnature,andsentenceidioms.Thestylisticfeaturesarecharacterizedwithcolloquialisms,slang,andliteraryexpressions.

英语习语的使用Theuseofidiomsinvolvestheirstylisticfeatures,rhetoricalfeatures,andvariationsofidioms.

英语习语的修辞色彩Therhetoricalfeaturesofidiomsarerepresentedwithphoneticmanipulation（alliteration头韵法andrhyme叠韵）,lexicalmanipulation（reiteration复用,repetition重复andjuxtaposition反义词叠用）,figuresofspeech（simile明喻,metaphor暗喻,metonymy转喻,synecdoche借代,personification拟人,euphemism委婉）

15.Metonymy和Synecdoche,修饰有何区别?

Bothmetonymyandsynecdocheinvolvesubstitutionofnames,yettheydifferinthattheformerisacaseofusingthenameofonethingforanothercloselyassociatedwithitandthelatteristhatofsubstitutingpartforthewholeandviceversa.

二.串讲内容

第一章

1.Lexicology这门课算哪一种学科的分支:

Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.

2.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:

1）Morphology2）Semantics3）Stylistics4）Etymology5）Lexicography

3.研究lexicology的两大方法:

1）Diachronicapproach:

历时语言学2）Synchronicapproach:

共时语言学e.g.wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？

Woman的词义的变化算Narrowingorspecialization

4.Whatisword?

词具有哪些特点？

词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。

1）Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguage;2）Asoundunityoragivensound;3）aunitofmeaning;4）aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释

5.词的分类（classificationofaword）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？

或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词

1）simplewords2）complexwords单音节词例子：

e.g.Manandfinearesimple多音节词例子：

e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmailmanagement可以次划分为manage和–mentmisfortune可以次划分为mis-和fortuneblackmail次划分为black和mail

6.Whatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?

1）Thereis‘nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualthing.e.g.dog.Cat

2）Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.

3）Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.

7.Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform?

1）Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform,suchasEnglishlanguage.

2）ThisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish

3）Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.

8.Whatarethegreatchangesthatcausesillogicalrelationshiporirregularitybetweensoundandform?

1）TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.

2）An